Interest Groups :: Industrial Archaeology Features

LINCOLNSHIRE WATERMILLS

Jon Sass, MBE, Lincolnshire Mills Group

Lincolnshire is notable for its fine tower windmills, but it also has many watermills which were built alongside streams and rivers in all parts of the county.

Hundreds of watermills were recorded in Domesday, and over the centuries they have been important sources of power for grinding corn and processing a variety of other materials, though their numbers have sharply declined.

The illustrated accounts set out below describe the Lincolnshire watermill buildings that survive. Some of these retain their machinery fully or partially intact, other buildings have been remodelled for residential accommodation or other use. (Accounts of the mills at Sleaford and West Deeping will be posted shortly.)

Visiting: Cogglesford Mill at Sleaford is open to the public but all other mills whether converted or not, are in private hands.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Overview: An introduction to watermills in Lincolnshire, outlining their development and decline, with notes on their mechanism and machinery.

Map of Lincolnshire showing location of watermills featured on this website and listed below

Glossary of terms published by The Mills Archive

Alvingham	Aswardby	Atterby	Baumber	Binbrook
Bourne - Baldock's Mill	Burgh on Bain	Claypole	Claythorpe	Donington-on-Bain
Great Ponton	Greatford - Park Mill	Greatford-Fletland Mill	Grantham Spittlegate Mill	Hatcliffe
Hagworthingham - Stockwith Mill	Heighington	Hibaldstow - wind & water	Holdingham	Horncastle - Victoria Mill
Ketsby	Kirkby Green Manor Mill	Kirkby Green Young's Mill	Kirkby on Bain	Legbourne - wind & water
Little Carlton	Londonthorpe / Belton Park	Louth - Bridge Street	Louth - Hubbards Hills	Louth - Maiden Row
Louth - Ramsgate Road	Louth - Thames Street	Louth - Thorpe-Hall	Market Rasen	Marston
Middle Rasen	Nettleham	Normanby le Wold	Old Bolingbroke	Sleaford - Cogglesford Mill
Stamford - Hudd's Mill	Stamford - King's Mill	Tallington	Tealby - Sandy Lane	Tealby - Thorpe
Tetford	Thimbleby	Thoresway	Thorganby	Toynton All Saints
Uffington	Waithe	West Deeping Church Lane	West Deeping Molecey	Withern

The area on the south bank of the River Humber in which Barton-upon-Humber sits was occupied from the earliest times. The Humber was a major supply route to York during the Roman occupation. By the time of Domesday there was a church, two mills, a market and a ferry.

Barton developed around what is now Barton Haven. In medieval times Barton was a major port particularly in the Baltic trade. There was shipbuilding on Barton Haven into the twentieth century.

On either side of the Haven the Humber bank clays are ideal for brick and tile making. At the peak at the end of the nineteenth century there were thirteen brickyards in Barton parish. Today there is only one.

Alongside the Haven was Hall's Barton Ropery, whose origin can be traced to the late eighteenth century. Ropes continued to be made here until 1988. Today the building has several new uses, including a rope making museum, and boasts the longest pantiled roof in the country.

Overlooking the Haven is the Humber Bridge, opened in 1981, which at the time of its construction was the longest single span bridge in the world.

The hills surrounding the town are Cretaceous chalk. These are still quarried for the cement works at South Ferriby, three miles to the west.

Surviving in the centre of Barton is the Old Mill which was built to manufacture whiting (one of several such mills). It lost its sails in 1868 and by the 1980s was derelict. It was restored in 1990 and now is a pub and restaurant with some of the mill machinery still to be seen in the tower.

Books and other Printed Sources

Booth, Adrian, William Blyth's Tileries, Railway Bylines, 1998
Bryant, Geoffrey, The Early History of Barton of Humber, Barton-on-Humber: Workers Education Association, 1981
Bryant, Geoffrey F and Land, Nigel, D, Bricks, Tiles and Bicycles in Barton before 1900, Barton-on-Humber: Workers Education Association, 2007
Clapson, Rodney, A Lincolnshire Shipyard, Barton upon Humber, author, 2014
Clapson, Rodney, Barton and the River Humber 1086-1900 Barton-on-Humber: Workers Education Association, 2005
Clapson, Rodney & Stockdale, Darren, Roads, Coaches and Carriers of Barton before 1900, Fathom Writers Press, 2009
Evans, E W, The Story of the Hall-Mark, Hall's Ropery, 1975
Fenton, Will, Ropeworks: A brief history of Hall's Barton Ropery, Barton-on-Humber: Fathom Press, 2007
Holland, John and Valerie, Images of England: Barton-upon-Humber, Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 1999
Holm, Stuart, Humber Mill, Barton upon Humber, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology Vol 13, 1978
Land, Nigel, Elswick-Hopper of Barton on Humber, Fathom Writers Press, 2010
Triplow, Nick, Family Ties: Stories from Hall's Barton Ropery, Fathom Press, 2007
White, P R, and Tye, A, Waterways & Railways in Barton and New Holland, Industrial Archaeology Group, Lincolnshire Local History Society, c.1970
Wilson, C M (Ed), Clapson's Boatyard, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology, Vol 12, 1976
Wright, Neil, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry 1700-1914, Lincoln: History of Lincolnshire Committee, 1982
Wright, Neil, ed., Lincolnshire's Industrial Heritage, Lincoln: SLHA, 2004

William Blyth's tilery

Humber Bridge

Hall's ropery

The population of the Boston in 1801: 5926; 1851: 15132; 1901: 16174

Boston was one of the England's foremost ports and trading centres - especially for wool - in the Middle Ages, though its importance declined sharply in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

In the late eighteenth century, the town's fortunes changed for the better. First the fens were drained, enclosed and developed on all side of the town. Inland navigation improved; grain production grew, and the port came back into its own.

In this period, banks opened, warehouses were built, and wharves improved. The town moved into the nineteenth century to become an important industrial centre, with iron works, shipyards and feather factories joining wind and water mills.

The arrival of the railways nearly destroyed Boston. Almost overnight the port was redundant, trade decimated, until dock improvement halted the slide.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Books

Lewis, M J T and Wright Neil, Boston as a Port, LIA, 1974
Stopper, Mark & Maltby, Roy, Boston Deep Sea Fisheries, Hutton Press, 1995
Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry: 1700-1914, SLHA, 1982
Wright, Neil R, The Railways of Boston, Richard Kay, 1971
Wright, Neil R, Boston by Gaslight: A History of the Boston Gas Undertaking since 1825, Richard Kay, 2002

Journal articles and book chapters

Almond, John, W H Wheeler, Polymath of Boston, LP&P 88, 2012
Almond, John, The Grand Sluice, Boston, LP&P 105, 2016
Bennet, Mark, The Industrial Heritage of Boston, LHA 30, 1995
Cartwright, Adam & Stephen Walker, Boston: A Railway Town (part 1), KMS Books, 1987
Hanson, Martin & Waterfield, James, Boston Windmills, authors, nd
Waterfield, Tom, Maud Foster Windmill, LHA 25, 1990
Wheeler, Rob, Boston Harbour Dues, Oats, Coal and the Budget of 1831, LHA 51, 2016
Wright, Neil R, Old Warehouses of Boston, LIA Vol 1, No.2, 1966
Wright, Neil R, Great Northern Locomotive Depot, Boston, LIA Vol 3, No.4, 1968
Wright, Neil R, Cheavins Filters [Boston], LIA Vol 6, No.1, 1971
Wright, Neil R, Witham Town, Boston, LIA Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Wright, Neil R, The Iron Bridges of Boston, LIA Vol 7, No.1, 1972
Wright, Neil R, William Howden and Son, in Redmore, K (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford and Sons, in Redmore, K (Ed), Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, Lincoln's Warehouse, LHA 12, 1977
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford Ironworks at Black Sluice, LHA 23, 1988
Wright, Neil R, William Howden & Son, Engineers of Boston, LHA 33, 1998
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford and Sons of Boston: A Family Business, LHA 38, 2003
Wright, Neil R, Site of a Woad Mill, Tattershall Road, Boston, LHA 39, 2004

Doughty Quay Warehouse, c.1810

Hospital Bridge, by Butterley, 1811

Maud Foster windmill, 1819

The population of the town in 1801: 1664; 1851: 3717; 1901: 4361

As a market town and administrative centre Bourne serves a large rural area of south Lincolnshire between the larger towns of Grantham, Sleaford, Spalding and Stamford.

It has abundant natural springs but does not stand on a navigable river or canal, though it is linked by a substantial drainage channel, the Bourne Eau, to the River Glen and the Fens to the east.

Bourne once had railway connections leading to all four points of the compass: north to Sleaford (opened 1872, closed 1956), south to Essendine (1860-1951), east to Spalding (1856-1964) and west to Little Bytham and Saxby (1893-1959).

Over the years the town has had the usual range of small industries supporting the local agricultural community and processing some of its products but no substantial industries emerged until the twentieth century when it became a major centre for the production and development of motor racing cars.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Birkbeck, J D, A History of Bourne, author, 1976
McGregor, Michael, Raymond Mays of Bourne, author, 1994
Miles, W D, A History of the Drainage of Bourne South Fen and Thurlby Fen, Ingelow Press, 1976
Needle, Rex, A Brief History of Bourne, author, 2021
Rhodes, John, Bourne to Saxby [Railway], KMS Books, 1989
Squires, Stewart & Hollamby, Ken, Building a Railway: Bourne to Saxby, Lincoln Record Society, 2009
Wilson, C M, Baldock's Watermill, Bourne, LHA 16, 1981

Red Hall, adapted as the principal building of the railway station

Cedars Footbridge, Church Lane - cast iron

Brigg (known as Glanford Brigg in earlier times) is a small town in what is now North Lincolnshire. It has a long history as market town and administrative centre for this area.

The population of the town (including Wrawby) in 1801: 1610; 1851: 3132; 1901: 2827

The town lies on the Ancholme, a river which was straightened and improved in the early nineteenth century. The major turnpike road from Lincoln to Barton upon Humber ran through the town (1765), and a shorter road was opened to Caistor in the same year.

Brigg has not been well served by the railway network. Lines from Lincoln to Grimsby (MSLR, 1848) and Doncaster to Grimsby (MSLR, 1866) only pass within a few miles of the town. The town's only rail connection is that from Sheffield via Gainsborough to Grimsby and Cleethorpes (MSLR, 1849).

The town had no significant industries in the nineteenth century; iron founding and machine making (James Hart, C L Hett, Isaac Spight and Peacock and Binnington - principally agents); brewing (Sergeant) and jam making (Spring) are probably the most notable. One of Lincolnshire's handful of sugar beet factories was built on the edge of the town in 1928. It closed in 1991 and a gas-powered electricity generating station was built on an adjacent site two years later.

Books and other Printed Sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Brown, Philip, Peacock & Binnington, in Redmore, K, 'Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines', SLHA, 2007
Downs, Angela, Toll Bar Keeper on the Turnpike [Brigg], LP&P 99, 2015
Henthorn, Frank, A History of 19th Century Brigg, Spiegl Press, 1987
Lyons, N J L, White's Mineral Water Factory, Elwes Street, Brigg, LIA Vol 6, No.1, 1971
Mouncey, G, Sergeant's Brewery, Brigg, LIA Vol 4, No.2, 1969
Page, Chris, James Hart & Sons, in Redmore, K, "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Page, Chris, C L Hett, in Redmore, K, "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Page, Chris, The Products of C L Hett, Ironfounder of Brigg, LIA Vol 7, No.4, 1972 and LIA Vol 8, No.3, 1973
Pullen, Stephen, Hair's Haulage History, LP&P 79, 2010
White, P R, Brigg Turnpike Trust in the Early Years, LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Wilson, C M (Ed), Sergeant's Brewery, Brigg, LHA 13, 1978

Sugar Beet Factory

Spring's Lemon Curd Works

Gainsborough's Population in 1801: 5112, in 1851: 8293; and in 1901: 19,232.

Gainsborough lies on the east bank of the River Trent at the limit for most ocean-going vessels sailing inland up the Humber. Many of the town's industries have been linked to its advantageous position as an inland port. Shipbuilding yards were established on the waterfront and the river trade brought about large-scale milling of cereal grain and oilseed.

The town also stands at what was for many years the lowest bridging point on the Trent. It was served by an east-west turnpike road (Louth to Bawtry) from 1765, a route much improved in 1791 by the building of a bridge over the Trent near the town centre which replaced a ferry.

Gainsborough had good railway links at an early date: to Lincoln, as an extension of the "Loop Line" from Peterborough (1849); to Grimsby via Brigg (1849); to Doncaster (1867); and to Retford (1849). It is now the only Lincolnshire town with two railway stations.

Many small industries, typical of a market town and river port, grew up in Gainsborough, but it was perhaps the town's good transport links that enabled the local engineering firm of Marshalls, Sons and Company to become a firm of international significance. Another firm of wide importance was Rose Brothers, pioneer makers of packing machinery for a wide range of products.

Books

Beckwith, I S, The Industrial Archaeology of Gainsborough, Industrial Archaeology Group, Lincolnshire Local History Society, 1968
Beckwith, I S, The History of Transport and Travel in Gainsborough, Gainsborough UDC, 1971
Edlington, S & Rose, D, Rose Brothers (Gainsborough) Ltd, authors, 2009
Walls, John, Clayton & Shuttleworth & Marshall Aircraft Production, Brayford Press, 1977

Journal articles and book chapters

Crabtree, Andrew, Gainsborough Riverside Walk, Lincolnshire Past & Present 48, 2002
Dent, Anthony, Marshall Engine in Zimbabwe, Lincolnshire Past & Present 115, 2019
Edlington, Susan et al, J & B Edlington, in Redmore, K, (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Robinson, Michael, Lincolnshire-made Machines in the Tea Industry [Marshalls], Lincolnshire Past & Present 106, 2016
Squires, Stewart, River Trent Bridge, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire Past & Present 64, 2006
Stevenson, Peter, Marshall's and the Bristol F2B WW2 Fighter, Lincolnshire Past & Present 84, 2011

Gainsborough's waterfront on the Trent, early 20th century

Water tower, Summer Hill, 1898

Grantham is a large town in the south west of the county. The population of the town in 1801: 4955; 1851: 10840; 1901: 16457. Its position on two major transport routes, the A1 (formerly the Great North Road) and the East Coast Main Railway Line, has been a major factor in its growth and prosperity.

The town does not lie on a navigable river - only the Witham in its upper reaches - but the canal to Nottingham, opened in 1797, had a key role to play in the import of coal and other goods.

Grantham has been the home of a wide range of small industries typical of an East Midlands town, such as milling, malting, brewing and basket making.

A number of iron foundries and engineering companies were established in the town in the nineteenth century, one of which, Richard Hornsby, became very dominant and developed an international market.

Among the products of Grantham's twentieth century industries are armaments, water pumps, cranes, crankshafts, coal cutters and road rollers.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Books

Cove-Smith, Chris, The Grantham Canal Today, Grantham Canal Restoration Society, 1974
Honeybone, Michael, The Book of Grantham, Barracuda, 1980
Pitman, Tony, The Grantham Canal Guide, The Grantham Canal Society, 2007
Pointer, Michael, Hornsbys of Grantham, 1815-1918, Bygone Grantham, 1978
Pointer, Michael, Ruston & Hornsbys, Grantham, 1918-1963, Bygone Grantham, 1977
Pointer, Michael, The Rise and Fall of Aveling-Barford, 1933-1988, Bygone Grantham, 1997
Stephenson, Peter, Grantham: An Industrial Trail, SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry: 1700-1914, SLHA, 1982

Journal articles and book chapters

Birch, Neville, Brownlow's Carriage Works, Grantham, LIA Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Cartwright, Adam, Mowbray and Co Ltd, Brewers of Grantham, LHA 49, 2014
Cheetham, A K, Grantham Canal, LIA Vol 3, No.1, 1968
Davies, Andrew, Grantham's Presentation Tank, LP&P 4, 1991
Knapp, Malcolm, Bjorlow (Great Britain) Ltd, Tannery, LHA 12, 1976
Knapp, Malcolm, Coles Cranes, Dysart Road, LHA 12, 1977
Knapp, Malcolm, Dysart Road Railway Bridge, LHA 15, 1980
Stevenson, Peter, Wartime Memories [Grantham], LP&P 59, 2005
Stephenson, Peter, Sullivans at Grantham, 1936-47, LP&P 44, 2001
Wilson, Catherine, James Coultas, in Redmore, K, (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
--, The Grantham Navigation [a poem], LP&P 120, 2020

Lee & Grinling's maltings

Grantham Railway Station

The unitary authority of North East Lincolnshire was created in 1996, centred on Grimsby and including Cleethorpes, Immingham and a small rural hinterland. It was formerly part of Humberside.

The population of the Grimsby in 1801: 1524; 1851: 8860; 1901: 36857

Grimsby has a long history as a borough and fishing port. It remained a moderately sized community until the advent of the railway in the late 1840s which resulted in a huge investment in the docks, especially for North Sea fishing.

Other industries grew alongside the dock development - some, but not all, directly related to the port's activities. The fishing fleet dwindled to a mere handful of vessels in the 1970s and today virtually no fish are landed at Grimsby, though fish processing remains an important activity. It is an active commercial port.

Immingham lies on the Humber estuary about five miles north west of Grimsby. A new deep-water dock was opened here in 1912 by the Great Central Railway and this has been supplemented by jetties to the north and south. Major imports include petrochemicals, coal, iron ore and vehicles.

Cleethorpes, for centuries lying within Lindsey though abutting the Borough of Grimsby, has flourished as a seaside resort, especially popular with visitors from south Yorkshire.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); LH = Lincolnshire Historian

Books

Chapman, Peter, Grimsby: The Story of the World's Greatest Fishing Port, Breedon Books, 2002
Crossland, Garry, A History of the Grimsby Ice Factory, Great Grimsby Ice Factory Trust, nd
Crossland, G J & Turner, C E, Immingham, A History of the Deep-Water Port, T&C Publishing, 2006
Gillett, E, Grimsby and the Haven Company, LH No.10, 1952
Jackson, Gordon, Grimsby and the Haven Company, Grimsby Public Libraries, 1971
Kaye, David, The Book of Grimsby, Barracuda, 1981
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Grimsby, LRWS, 2016
Roberts, D E, The Grimsby Gas Undertaking, 1836-1949, E M Gas, 1983
Taylor, Mike, Shipping on the Humber: The South Bank, Tempus, 2003
--, The Port of Grimsby & Immingham, ABP, [undated publicity book]
--, Official Opening of Immingham Dock, July 22nd, 1912, [souvenir booklet]

Journal articles and book chapters

Birch, Neville, and White, P R, Fowler & Holden (Grimsby) Ltd, LIA Vol,3, No,2, 1968
Birch, Neville, Some of Grimsby's Carriers, LIA Vol 6, Nos.2&3, 1971
Everitt, Neil et al, The Grimsby Ice Factory, LP&P 81, 2010
Hallett, Gladys C, The Smackbuilders of Grimsby, LP&P 6, 1991
Lewis, M J T, Hewitt's Maltings, Grimsby, LHA 12, 1976
Sass, Jon A, Waltham Windmill, LIA Vol 2, No.2, 1967
Waddington, H S, Towers and Hydraulic Installations at Grimsby Docks, LHA 15, 1980
Waddington, H S, Industrial Archaeology Visit to Humber Ports, LN 60 and 61, 1989
White, P R, The Riverhead at Grimsby, LIA Vol 3, No.4, 1968
White, P R, An Industrial History of Grimsby and Cleethorpes, LIA, 1970
White, P R, The Maltings, Grimsby, LIA Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Wilson, John, Grimsby and Butterfly Bombs, LP&P 18, 1994
Wright, Neil R, Great Grimsby A Town of Fishermen, LHA 21 1986
Wilson, John, Recruiting Immingham, Docks Police 1916, LP&P 22, 1995

Grimsby, Royal Dock, 1912

Immingham Dock, heavy cargo crane, 1926

Cleethorpes, the beach, 1912

Horncastle is a small market town in the centre of the county, close to the southern edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds.
Population: 1801 - 2015; 1851 - 4921; 1901 - 4038.

Between 1802 and 1889 Horncastle was served by a canal which followed the line of the River Bain southwards through Tattershall to the river Witham. Stretches of the rivers Bain and Waring in the town were developed as basins for the canal and were lined with warehouses and a range of small industries.

A railway branch line starting at Kirkstead (later re-named Woodhall Junction) on the GNR Lincoln to Boston loop line ran through Woodhall Spa and terminated at Horncastle. This single line opened in 1855, was closed to passenger traffic in 1954 and finally closed for goods in 1971.

Horncastle's industries were mainly related to the processing of agricultural produce. In the nineteenth century there were four windmills and one watermill in the town. Tanning and leather working developed from an early date and became a major industry, to some extent stimulated by the local trading in horses which rose to a peak each year in the famous August horse fair.

Other industries over the 19th and 20th centuries include iron founding and machine making, brick making, seedsmen/nurserymen, paper packaging, printing and sportswear manufacture.

Harrison's warehouse at Horncastle railway station

Grain warehouse, railway station

Iron foundry in Foundry Street, Horncastle

Iron foundry, Foundry Street

Books and other Printed Sources

Aikman, A. E., Horncastle's Old Theatre, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (LHA) 12 (1977)
Brooks, M, Horncastle Canal Survey, Industrial Archaeology Group, Lincolnshire Local History Society, Vol 1, No 1, 1966
Clarke, J. N., The Horncastle and Tattershall Canal, Oakwood Press, 1990
Clarke, J. N., Horncastle Horse Fairs, Lincolnshire Past & Present 55 (2004)
Cussons, E., The Miller of Horncastle, Lincolnshire Life, 1982
Hunt, W.M., Horncastle Navigation Engineers, 1792-94, Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society (RCHS), March 1979
Hunt, W. M., The Lincoln High Bridge Scheme, RCHS Journal, Nov 1991
Jones, P., The Ever Confusing Horncastle Canal, RCHS Journal July 2003
Lester, C. J. and Redmore, K. Wheelwright's Tyre Oven, LHA 45 (2010)
Ludlam, A. J. The Horncastle and Woodhall Spa Railway, Oakwood Press, 1986
Ludlam, A. J., Branch Lines of East Lincolnshire: Woodhall Junction to Horncastle, LWRS, 2015
Redmore, Ken, Horncastle Navigation: Poling Holes, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology, Vol 47, 2012
Robinson, D. N., The Book of Horncastle and Woodhall Spa, Barracuda Books, 1983
Robinson, D.N., Double Century: The Story of William Crowder & Sons, Nurserymen, Horncastle 1998
Wilson, C. M. and Redmore, K. Whitehaven Farm, Horncastle, LHA 38 (2003)

Ken Redmore, 2012 & 2022

Lincoln is a small historic city in a county dominated by the agriculture industry, yet it grew to become a very important centre for engineering.

Many of the engineering concerns in the city began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as manufacturers of equipment and machinery on a small scale for the county's farming community.

A few of these companies increased their output on a huge scale and established markets across the country and abroad. They also diversified and developed engines, vehicles and machinery for many other industries.

Four companies - Clayton & Shuttleworth, Ruston, Robey and William Foster - dominated the engineering industry in Lincoln and are given separate sections in the lists below

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

GENERAL INFORMATION about engineering in Lincoln

Books

Walker, Andrew, Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s, SOL, 2021
Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry, 1700-1914, SLHA 1982

Journal articles and Book Chapters

Birch, Neville and Page, Chris, Lincoln Firms: A Brief History, LIA Vol 2 No.4, 1967
Herridge, John, Industrial Archaeology in Wigford, in Hill, P R (Ed), "Wigford: Historic Lincoln South of the River", SOL, 2000
Murray, Neil, Politics and Industry in Late Edwardian Lincoln, in Coggan, Julianne (Ed), "Lincolnshire", Ottakar, 2001
Herridge, John, Industry [Monks Road], in Walker, Andrew, "Monks Road: Lincoln's East End through Time", SOL, 2006
Hodson, Maurice, New Boultham [industrial area], in Walker, Andrew, "Boultham and Swallowbeck: Lincoln's South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2013
Hughes, Heather & Kitchen, Tom, Lincoln's Engineering Heritage, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Page, Chris, Agricultural Machinery Making in Upper Lincoln, in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln I: Burton Road, Newport and the Ermine Estate", SOL, 2009
Page, Chris, Some of Lincoln's Early Engineering Businesses and Iron Foundries, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Parker, Charles, Aircraft Production in the First World War [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Smith, Colin, Electronic Manufacturer in Lincoln to the 1980s and beyond, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021

CLAYTON & SHUTTLEWORTH (including Clayton Wagons, and Smith-Clayton)

Basquill, Sara, Was This Nathaniel Clayton's Apprentice Piece?, LP&P 109, 2017
Birch, Neville, Clayton & Shuttleworth: An Early Success, LP&P 50, 2003
Moore, Nick, Who Were Hofherr-Schrantz-Clayton-Shuttleworth?, LP&P 115, 2019
Muir, Augustus, 75 Years a Record of Progress: Smith's Stamping Works, Coventry & Smith-Clayton Forge Lincoln, Smith's Stamping Works, 1958
Smith, Miriam, The Growth and Decline of the Manufacturing Firm of Clayton & Shuttleworth, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Wheeler, Rob, The Rise of Clayton & Shuttleworth, LHA 47, 2012
Wheeler, Rob, Decline and Fall of Clayton & Shuttleworth, LP&P 89, 2012, LP&P 90, 2013
Wheeler, Rob, The Rise and Fall of Clayton & Shuttleworth, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Williams, John, The Shuttleworth Family and the Collection, LP&P 52, 2003
Wilson, C M (Ed), Stamp End Ironworks, LHA 18, 1983

WILLIAM FOSTER (including Foster-Gwynne)

Lane, Michael R, The Story of the Wellington Foundry, Lincoln, Unicorn Press, 1997
Clipson, E, Loam Moulding at Foster-Gwynnes, Lincoln, LIA Vol 5, No.2, 1970
Lester, Chris, Gwynne's Pumps at Wiggenhall St German, LP&P 83, 2011
Walker, Andrew, William Foster & Company, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021

ROBEY

Southworth, P J M, Some Early Robey Steam Engines, the author, 2014
Birch, Neville, Robey's Military Aircraft, LIA Vol 8, No.2, 1973
Cartwright, Adam, Robey & Company, in Walker, Andrew, (Ed), "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Johnson, Chris, Canwick Road and Robeys, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Stevenson, Peter, Jodrell Bank Telescope and Robey's, LP&P 89, 2012

RUSTON (including Ruston, Proctor & Co; Ruston & Hornsby; Ruston Bucyrus, Ruston Gas Turbines)

Books

Grange, Wilson, Over 50 Years of Achievement: A Celebration of Gas Turbines in Lincoln, European Gas Turbines, 1998
Hall, David R, A Guide to Ruston Narrow-Gauge Locomotives, Moseley Railway Trust, 2003
Hall, David R, The Ruston Class 48DS & 88DS Locomotives, Moseley Railway Trust, 1999
Neale, Andrew, Ruston & Hornsby Diesel Locomotive Album, Plateway Press, 2014
Newman, Bernard, 100 Years of Good Company, Ruston & Hornsby, 1957
Robinson, Peter, Lincoln's Excavators: The Ruston Years, 1875-1930, Roundoak Publishing, 2003
Robinson, Peter, Lincoln's Excavators: The Ruston-Bucyrus Years, 1930-1945, Roundoak Publishing, 2006
Robinson, Peter, Lincoln's Excavators: The Ruston-Bucyrus Years, 1945-1970, Roundoak Publishing, 2010
Tonks. Eric S, Ruston & Hornsby Locomotives, Industrial Railway Society, 1974

Journal articles and book chapters

Basquill, Sara, The Ruston Proctor ZLH Locomotive, LP&P 106, 2016
Basquill, Sara, Rescuing a Damsel in Distress [Ruston, Proctor engine], LP&P 121, 2020
Betteridge, Stephen J, Ruston Proctor Boiler Works, Firth Road, LHA 20, 1985
Broughton, Derek, He's Gone to the Foundry [Rustons, Ruston-Bucyrus], in Walker, Andrew, "Boultham and Swallowbeck: Lincoln's South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2013
Broughton, Derek, The Decline and Fall of Ruston Bucyrus: A Personal Reflection, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Clarke, Lesley, From Ruston, Burton & Proctor to Ruston, Proctor & Co Ltd, 1857-1900, in Walker, Andrew, (Ed), "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s', SOL, 2021
Finch, Jon, The Rustons Extravaganza, LP&P 43 2001
Hooley, Ray, The Ruston Story, in Coggan, Julianne (Ed), Lincolnshire, Ottakar, 2001
Hunt, Abigail, Ruston's c.1900-1945: Planes, Trains and Automobiles, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Redmore, Ken & Broughton, Derek, A Day out for RB Workers, LP&P 124, 2021
Robinson, Michael, Lincolnshire-made Machines in the Tea Industry [Rustons], LP&P 106, 2016
Stevenson, Peter, Ruston-Bucyrus Export Sales Conference, LP&P 98, 2015
Stevenson, Peter, Fenland Draglines [Ruston Bucyrus], LP&P 74, 2009
Turner, John, A Ruston & Hornsby Shale Planer, LHA 23 1988

OTHER ENGINEERS, machine makers and iron founders (in alphabetical order)

Porter, John, Charles BARNES' Patents for the Internal Combustion Engine, LP&P 59, 2005
Bailey, Michael, William BILLINGSLEY & Henry BANKS, LP&P 32, 1998
Biddlecombe, Julie, Steam Engine Builder, W H CHESTER [Lincoln], LP&P 36, 1999
Lester, Chris, W H CHESTER, Steam Engine Builder, Lincoln, LP&P 2, 1990
Salway, J E, Steam Engine Builder, W H CHESTER [Lincoln], LP&P 35, 1999
Walker, Andrew, CLARKE's Crank and Forge Works, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Cooke, Hugh, John COOKE & Sons, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Cooke, Hugh, John COOKE & Sons of Lincoln, in Redmore, Ken, (Ed), 'Ploughs, Chaff Cutters and Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
Redmore, Ken, HARRISON & Co (Lincoln): The Malleable Iron Works, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Yeates-Langley, Ann, HARRISON's Malleable Iron Works, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Page, Chris, A History of Michael PENISTAN Junior, Agricultural Engineer, Lincoln, LHA 49, 2014
Gravells, M A, PENNEY and PORTER Limited, in Coggan, Julianne (Ed), Lincolnshire, Ottakar, 2001
Moore, Nicholas, John Thomas Brown PORTER and the Gowts Bridge Foundry, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Cartwright, Adam, RAINFORTHS of Lincoln, LHA 45, 2010
Cartwright, Adam, RAINFORTHS of Lincoln: A Postscript, LP&P 102, 2015
Cartwright, Adam, W RAINFORTH & Sons, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Page, Chris, Thomas SAWDON, Machine Maker and Sawdon's Yard, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Moore, Nicholas, Benjamin TAPLIN, Joseph Lee and the Patent Crank and Traction Engine Works, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021

Ruston, Proctor & Co, badge

Clayton & Shuttleworth, traction engine

Robey diesel engine, Papplewick Pumping Station

Foster-Gwynne pump, Wiggenhall St German

Ruston-Bucyrus, excavator, Beamish Museum

Topics covered in this section:

Railways and Transport;

Defence and Wartime;

Milling, Malting and Brewing;

Roads. Bridges & Vehicles,

Brayford Pool & River Witham,

Miscellaneous (Brickmaking, Drainage & Sewerage, Food & Drink, Gas, Electricity & Water Supply)

Lincoln is linked to the Trent by the Fossdyke, a canal dating from the Roman period, and to the Wash via Boston by the River Witham.

The first railway to Lincoln was laid by the Midland Railway from Newark in 1846, soon followed by the "Loop Line" from Boston to Gainsborough and beyond (1848). Other lines followed to Grimsby (1848), Grantham (1867), Sleaford (1882) and Chesterfield (1896).

The city has been dominated by its engineering companies, and other industries, mostly linked to agriculture, have been relatively minor. These include flour and oil milling, fertiliser manufacture, and canvas and tarpaulin making.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Book

Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry: 1700-1914, SLHA, 1982

RAILWAYS

Ashberry, Jez, Great Central Warehouse, Lincoln, LP&P 62, 2006
Barton, B M J, Stamp End Railway Bridge, Lincoln, LHA 33, 1998
Betteridge, Stephen J, Lincoln Railways (St Mark's Station Closure), LHA 20, 1985
Birch, Neville, 150 Years of Railways in Lincoln, LP&P 25, 1996
Birch, Neville, Railway Crossings [Lincoln], in Hill, P R (Ed), Wigford: Historic Lincoln South of the River, SOL, 2000
Cartwright, Adam, The Arrival of the Railways, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "George Boole's Lincoln, 1815-49", SOL, 2019
Chambers, J I, St Mark's Station, Lincoln: An Architectural Comment, LIA Vol 7, No. 1, 1972
Cossey, Frank, Lincoln's G N R Station, LIA Vol 2, No.1, 1967 and Vol 2, No.3, 1967
George, Beryl, The Folly of our Forefathers: The High Street Level Crossings, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Hodson, Maurice, High Street to Bracebridge for One Penny: Lincoln's Trams, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Lincoln, Lincolnshire Wolds Railway Society, 2017
Page, Chris, Boultham Sidings [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2014
Page, Chris, The Railway between Lincoln and Saxilby, LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Raines, David and Sleaford U3A Group, Railway Footbridges, South Common, Lincoln, LHA 39, 2004
Ruddock, J G & Pearson, R E, The Railway History of Lincoln, Ruddock, 1974 & 1985
Squires, Stewart, Railways of the South-Western Suburbs, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2014
Squires, Stewart, The Lincoln to Grantham Railway, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Wall, Tony, Stone Sleepers at St Mark's Station, Lincoln, LHA 19, 1984
Wheeler, Rob, St Mark's Station [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016

DEFENCE & WARTIME

Bailey, Adrian, Robey's and RAF Fylingdale, LP&P 90, 2013
Basquill, Sara, First World War Tank in Museum [Lincoln], LP&P 101, 2015
Carle, Annabel, Sir William Tritton and the Tank, LP&P 61, 2005
Evans, Gwyn, A Reappraisal of Lincoln Tank Production in 1916, LHA 50, 2015
Gray, Adrian, The Birth of the Tank, in Gray, Adrian, "Lincolnshire Headlines", Countryside Books, 1993
Hubbard-Hall, Claire, Lincoln Drill Hall, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre: North of the Witham", SL, 2015
Huggins, Rhona, Comment on Turner, John T, "Nellie": The History of Churchill's Lincoln-Built Trenching Machine, NL 60, 1989
Osborne, Mike, First World War Searchlight Position, Lincoln, LHA 41, 2006
Pullen, Richard, The Landships of Lincoln, Tucann, 2003
Squires, Stewart, Women Munition Workers in Lincoln, LP&P 111, 2018
Turner, John T, "Nellie": The History of Churchill's Lincoln-Built Trenching Machine, (Book) SLHA, 1988
Walker, Andrew, The Barracks [Burton Road], in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln I: Burton Road, Newport and the Ermine Estate", SOL, 2009
Walker, Andrew, The Fourth Northern General Hospital, in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln II: The North-Eastern Suburbs", SOL, 2010
Walls, John, Clayton & Shuttleworth & Marshall Aircraft Production, Brayford Press, 1977
Walls, J & Parker, C, Aircraft Made in Lincoln, (Book) SLHA, 2000
Yeates-Langley, Ann, Women Munition Workers in Lincoln during the First World War, LHA 49, 2014
Yeates-Langley, Ann, Female Munition Workers in Lincoln, LP&P 100, 2015
Yeates-Langley, Ann, The West Common at War: Number Four Acceptance Park, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SOL, 2008
--, Generators in a WW2 Air Raid Shelter, LP&P 74, 2009
--, The Birth of the Tank, LP&P 101, 2015

MILLING, MALTING AND BREWING

Barlow, Tony, Maltings on Brayford Wharf North, LHA 19 1984
Cartwright, Adam, Lincoln's Maltings, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City"s Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", SOL, 2017
Chambers, J I, & Wilson, C M, Dickinson's Mill, Lincoln, LIA Vol 7, No. 2, 1972
Frankish, W H, My Reminiscences of Albion Mills, Brayford, LIA Vol 8, No3, 1973
Hodson, Maurice, Dawber's Brewing and Public House Operations in Lincoln, Waterside South, in Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City's Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", SOL, 2017
Hodson, Maurice, Dawber's Brewery, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SL, 2008
Osborne, Les, Ellis's Mill, in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln I: Burton Road, Newport and the Ermine Estate", SOL, 2009
Page, Chris, Mills in the Parish of St Peter-at-Gowts, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SL, 2016
Page, Chris, Drury Lane Brewery, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's Castle, Bail and Close", SOL, 2015
Page, Chris, The Rudgard Family and the Crown Brewery, Waterside South, in Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City's Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", SOL, 2017
Tinley, Ruth, Le Tall's Mill, Lincoln, NL 46, 1985
Tinley, Ruth, Crown Mill, Lincoln, LP&P 36, 1999
Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City's Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", (Book) SOL, 2017

ROADS, BRIDGES and VEHICLES

Basquill, Sara, Objects of Life: The Lincoln Elk [motorcycle], LP&P 122, 2020
Birch, Neville (Ed), Lincoln's Bridges: A Survey, LIA Vol 4, No.1, 1969
Bower, David, Lost Roads of Lincoln, LP&P 83, 2011
Brooks, Gordon, Motor Car Manufacturers of Lincolnshire: 2. Lincoln Motor Cars, LIA Vol 5, No.4, 1970
Carle, Annabel, Lincoln Motor Manufacturing Company, LP&P 73, 2008
Carle, Annabel et al, The Story of FE1, First Registration Number, LP&P 75, 2009
Carle, Annabel et al, From Penny Farthing to Daimler, LP&P 76, 2009
Carle, Annabel et al, Gilbert & Son and Richardson, LP&P 78, 2010
Hodson, Maurice, Four Bridges and Sincil Dyke, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Lewis, Michael, Thoughts on the Roman Bridge at Lincoln, LHA 47, 2012
Page, Chris, The High Bridge, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre: North of the Witham", SOL, 2015
Squires, Stewart, Bridges in the Neighbourhood [South-East Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Squires, Stewart, The Brayford Bridges, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012

BRAYFORD POOL & RIVER WITHAM

Hodson, Maurice, Four Bridges and Sincil Dyke, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Mills, Dennis, Brayford Pool and George Giles' Sanitary Report of 1849, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Walker, Andrew, Trade and Industry on Brayford Pool, c.1850-1980, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Wheeler, Rob, A Tunnel and a Tankard Valve, in Walker, Andrew, "Boultham and Swallowbeck: Lincoln's South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2013
Wheeler, Rob, Great Gowts - A Forgotten Ford, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Walker, Andrew, Boats on Brayford Pool in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Wheeler, Rob, Drainage and Brayford Pool, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Wilson, C M (Ed), Stamp End Lock Footbridge, LHA 12, 1976
--, Lincoln's Waterways: Trail 1, Lincolnshire Educational Aids Project, 1983
--, Lincoln's Waterways: Trail 2, Lincolnshire Educational Aids Project, 1983-84

MISCELLANEOUS

Brickmaking and Minerals

Redmore, Ken, Brickmaking in the West End of Lincoln, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SOL, 2008
Squires, Stewart, Cross O'Cliff Brickworks, Lincoln, LHA 27, 1992
Squires, Stewart, Brickworks at Cross O'Cliff Hill, Lincoln, LP&P 97, 2014
Tann, Geoff, Sand and Gravel Extraction, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2014

Drainage & Sewerage

George, Beryl, Lincoln, Sewerage and Government Inspectors, LHA 46, 2011
Hickman, Paul, Some Nineteenth-Century Wigford Nuisances, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Mills, Dennis R, Effluence and Influence: Public Health, Sewers and Politics in Lincoln, 1848-50, (Book)SLHA, 2015
Wheeler, Rob, Drainage in the Neighbourhood [South-East Lincoln]; the Importance of Sincil Dyke, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Wheeler, Rob, Drainage and Brayford Pool, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012

Food & Drink

Hickman, Paul, Soft Drink Manufacturing in the Neighbourhood [Lincoln City Centre], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre: North of the Witham, SOL, 2015
Tann, Geoff, Walker's Snack Food / Smith's Crisps Factory, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011

Gas, Electricity and Water Supply

Bremner Smith, C & Page C, Lincoln's Public Undertakings, LIA Vol 2, No.3, 1967
Clark, A, The Lincoln Gas Light and Coke Company, LIA Vol 4, No.3, 1969
Jones, Michael J, The Well at St Paul in the Bail, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's Castle, Bail and Close", SOL, 2015
Lester, Chris, Lincoln Corporation Electricity Works, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Page, C J, The Early History of Electrical Power in Lincoln, LIA Vol 6, Nos.2&3, 1971
Redmore, Ken, Bracebridge Gasworks Event, 1938, LP&P 89, 202
Redmore, Ken, World War 1 and Lincoln Gasworks, LP&P 103, 2016
Redmore, Ken, Bracebridge Gasworks, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Roberts, D E, The Lincoln Gas Undertaking, 1828-1949, E M Gas, 1981
Smith, Joan, Chaos to Beauty: Lincoln Gasworks Garden, LP&P 88, 2012
Willington, D J, Lincoln City Waterworks & Henry Teague, LP&P 30, 1997
--, Boultham Waterworks, Sincil Drain [photos], LP&P 92, 2013

Other

Craven, E, Lincoln Shipwrights, LIA Vol 8, No.3, 1973
Duckering, Mark, The History of Elpeeko Limited [printers], Elpeeko Ltd, 2015
Hodson, Maurice, The West End Depot, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SOL, 2008
Johnson, C P C, Tanning Your Hide [Tanneries, Lincoln], in Hill, P R (Ed), Wigford: Historic Lincoln South of the River, SOL, 2000
Page, Chris, Beet Root Distillery in Lincoln, LP&P 77, 2009
Tinley, Ruth, Lincoln Corn Exchange, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Walker, Andrew, The Cattle Market, 1846-1914, in Walker, Andrew, "Monks Road: Lincoln's East End through Time", SOL, 2006
Wilson, C M (Ed), Fison's Limited, Carholme Road, Lincoln, LHA 12, 1976

Le Tall's Crown Mill

Pyewipe Pumping Station, c.1930

Lincoln Power Station, 1955 photo

Lincoln Central (GNR) Station, 1848

Stamp End Railway Bridge, 1847

Walker's Crisps factory, 1938

LOUTH, one of the larger market towns in the county, is on the edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds and ten miles from the coast.
Population: 1801 - 4326; 1851 - 10,467; 1901 - 9518; 2001 - 15,930.

In the late eighteenth century the town was well served by turnpike roads in all directions: to Boston via Spilsby (opened in 1765, the modern A16), Gainsborough via Market Rasen (1765, A631), Horncastle (1770, A153), Saltfleet (1779, B1200), Lincoln via Wragby (1780, A157) and Grimsby (1803, A16).

The Louth Navigation, following the river Lud from the town to Tetney Haven, opened in 1770 and ceased to operate in 1924. It had 8 locks and was used by keels and sloops trading principally with Hull, Grimsby and other east coast ports.

The East Lincolnshire Railway opened in 1848 linking Grimsby via Louth to Boston, Peterborough and Kings Cross. The line closed, post-Beeching, in 1970 except for a freight link between Louth and Grimsby which operated for a further 10 years. The Mablethorpe loop line (1877-1970) ran east from the town and re-joined the ELR at Willoughby. The line through the Wolds to Bardney opened in 1876 and closed in 1951 (passengers) and 1956 (freight).

The principal industries of the town have been linked to the processing of agricultural produce: milling (both water- and windmills), malting and brewing; tanning and leather making. Woollen cloth was made from early medieval times and there was a substantial factory making flat weave carpets in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. One of the watermills was the site of paper making from c1790-1840.

Burning lime and firing bricks were important activities at one time. As with other Lincolnshire towns Louth had several iron founders and implement makers throughout the Victorian period and into the twentieth century; there was also an important millwright. Twentieth century industries include polythene sheet extrusion and fabrication.

Books and other Printed Sources

Betteridge, S J, The Maltings, Northgate, Louth, in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 20 (1985)
Beckwith, Ian (Ed), The Louth Riverhead, Louth WEA, 1976
Goode, C T, The Railways of North Lincolnshire, the author, 1985
Herbert, W B & Ludlam, A J, The Louth to Bardney Branch, Oakwood Press, 1984
Ludlam, A J, The Louth, Mablethorpe and Willoughby Loop, Oakwood Press, 1987
Ludlam, A J, The East Lincolnshire Railway, Oakwood Press, 1991
Ludlam, A J, Louth: A Lincolnshire Railway Centre, LWRS, 2014
Ludlam, A J, Branch Lines of East Lincolnshire: Louth to Bardney, LWRS, 2015
Lyons, N J L, Louth Navigation Act of 1828, Industrial Archaeology Group, Lincolnshire Local History Society, Vol 4, No.1, 1969
Merriman, T E, The Louth, Mablethorpe & Sutton Building Society, in Lincolnshire Past& Present 49 (2002)
Page, C J, Beet Root Distillery in Louth, Lincolnshire Past & Present 76 (2009)
Redmore, Ken & George, Beryl, Unusual Building in Louth: F M Thompson, Coachbuilders, LP&P 106, 2016
Robinson, D N, The Book of Louth, Barracuda Books, 1979
Robinson, D N, Adam Eve and Louth Carpets, Louth Naturalists', Antiquarian and Literary Society, 2010
Sass, Jon A, Saundersons: Millwrights & Engineers of Louth, The Mills Archive, 2017
Sizer, S M, Louth Navigation: A History (1756-1926), Louth Navigation Trust, 1999
Sizer, S M et al, Louth Industrial Trail, Louth Teachers' Centre, 1977
Sizer, S M, The Shipbuilders of Louth, Louth Navigation Trust, 2020
Waddington, H S, Louth Navigation, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 21 (1986)

Julian's Watermill, 1755

Tollhouse, Horncastle Road, c.1770

Louth Railway Station, 1854

Like Arnold Bennett's Stoke, modern Scunthorpe comprises five villages: Ashby, Brumby, Crosby, Frodingham and Scunthorpe. Scunthorpe, or Skuma's Thorpe, was once a secondary settlement of the Parish of Frodingham.

In 1851 the total population of the five agricultural settlements was 1,245 and there was little to choose between them. They were geologically fortunate, for they developed over the Jurassic Frodingham ironstone.

The first mention of iron ore was in 1859 by the landowner Charles Winn. His son Roland recognised the economic importance of the ore and started mining it in 1860.

Until the first iron works in Scunthorpe was fired in 1864 the ore was shipped to Yorkshire for smelting. In the succeeding century the industry developed and adapted as steel technology progressed and today it is a major processing site for Corus the Anglo-Dutch steel company.

As new plants were built the old ones were demolished but the Anchor Works built in the 1970s can be seen from the public road, and rails tours of the complex can be booked.

A survivor from the early days is Roland Winn's planned settlement built in 1865-1870 at New Frodingham; although his workers preferred Scunthorpe, half a mile to the north.

Books and other Printed Sources

Armstrong, M. Elizabeth, An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe, Scunthorpe: Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, 1981
Cameron, Kenneth, A Dictionary of Lincolnshire Place-Names, Nottingham: English Place-Name Society, 1998
Creed, Rupert and Coult, Averal, Steeltown, Beverley: Hutton Press, 1990
Dudley, Harold E., Village Days, Scunthorpe: Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery (Revised Edition. 1973)
Holm, Stuart, The Heavens Reflect Our Labours, Scunthorpe: Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, 1974
Knell, Simon J., The Natural History of the Frodingham Ironstone,
Scunthorpe: Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, 1988
Upton, M J G, The Appleby Ironstone Mine, Industrial Archaeology Group of Lincolnshire Local History Society, Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Walshaw, G.R. and Behrendt, C.A.J., The History of Appleby-Frodingham, Scunthorpe: Appleby-Frodingham Steel Co., 1950
Wright, Neil, ed., Lincolnshire's Industrial Heritage - A Guide, SLHA, 2004

Blast furnaces

Steel making

The origin of Sleaford's wealth is agriculture, but it also had a significant industrial past. Its population in 1801 was 1596; in 1851: 3372; and in 1901: 3934.

Turnpike roads in 1756 linked the town north to Lincoln, south to Bourne and east to Boston. There was a later turnpike (1793) to Tattershall and a bridge over the Witham. The Sleaford Canal or Navigation from the town centre to the Witham was opened in 1794.

Sleaford became a relatively important railway "hub" - and remains so - with lines radiating to Lincoln (1882), Boston (1859), Spalding (1882), Bourne (1872) and Grantham (1857). Only the Bourne line has closed (1964).

The town once supported a range of iron founders, machine makers, millers, coach builders - very much like other Lincolnshire towns. One firm grew to an exceptional size: Charles Sharpe & Co, seed merchants, with a substantial international trade.

The outstanding industrial monument in Sleaford is the Bass Maltings, completed in 1905.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Atkin, Wendy, Navigation Yard Warehouse, Sleaford, LP&P 33, 1998
Dale, John et al, Ward & Dale, A History of the Sleaford Cultivators, Steam Plough Club, 2014
Gostick, Les, Zeppelin Raid [Sleaford], LP&P 39, 2000
Lester, Chris, Navigation House, Sleaford, LP&P 3, 1991
Ogden, Nigel, Charles Sharpe and Co Ltd, Sleaford Museum Trust, 2017
Page, C J, An Industrial History of Sleaford, LIA, 1968
Pawley, Simon, Sleaford and the Slea, G M Griffin, 1990
Pawley, Simon, Grist to the Mill (Early mills in Sleaford), LHA 23 1988
Pawley, Simon, Sleaford Drainage and Public Health, LP&P 7, 1992
Pawley, Simon, Boston Road PoW Camp [Sleaford], LP&P 106, 2016
Pawley, Simon & Turland, Michael, Sleaford Navigation Portal, LP&P 120, 2020 & LP&P 121, 2020
Smith, Paul, Charles Sharp & Co Ltd, The Firm that Grew Success, LP&P 120, 2020
Turland, Michael, Improvements to Sleaford in the 1830s, LP&P 57, 2004
Turland, Michael, Sleaford to Ruskington Railway, LP&P 64, 2006
Wilson, C M (Ed), Bass Maltings, Sleaford, LHA 12, 1976
Woodford, L W, The Founding of the Sleaford Gas Light Company, LIA Vol 1, No.4, 1966

Bass Maltings

Navigation House

Sharpe's seed warehouse

The population of Spalding in 1801: 3296; 1851: 8829; 1901: 9381

Spalding holds a commanding position in the Fens of south-east Lincolnshire. Situated on the navigable River Welland, it was an important inland port from an early date, serving a large and productive agricultural area.

Roads and railways radiated from the town in modern times. The East Lincolnshire Railway (1848-1970), between Peterborough and Grimsby, ran through the town, and it also lay on the important east-west route - both road and rail - between the East Midlands and Norfolk.

Over the centuries most of Spalding's industries were those commonly associated with a market town and inland port. In the twentieth century food processing and other industries related to the intensively cultivated surrounding area have predominated.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Birch, Neville, Berrill's of Spalding, LIA Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Goode, C T, The Great Northern & Great Eastern Joint Railway (March to Doncaster), author, 1989
Ludlam, A J, The Lincolnshire Loop Line and the River Witham, Oakwood Press, 1995
Price, Dorothea, River Welland, Amberley, 2012
Seaton, Keith, The River Welland, Shipping and Mariners of Spalding, History Press, 2013
Seaton, Keith. Spalding and Around through Time, Amberley, 2015
Squires, Stewart, Steppingstone Bridge, Spalding, LHA 46, 2011
Wright, Neil R, Spalding: An Industrial History, (Book) LIA, 1973
--, Elsoms: The History, Elsoms, 1994

Town Bridge, rebuilt 1838

Lock's (smock) Windmill

The population of the town in 1801: 3932; 1851: 7326; 1901: 7218

Stamford, at the extreme south-west corner of Lincolnshire, is an attractive stone-built town. Its importance as a commercial and trading centre over the centuries is based to some extent on its position on the Great North Road (later the A1).

One of the country's earliest canals - partly the navigable River Welland - created an important route from the town to the Wash via Market Deeping and Spalding in the late sixteenth century. The main railway line between London and the north by-passed Stamford, almost certainly curbing the development of the town in the nineteenth century.

The excellent building stone in and around the town has always been much in demand, and has sustained quarrying, building and a range of related industries. Other notable early industries of the town included pottery, bell founding, and watch and clock making.

In the Victorian period new industries emerged at Stamford. Blackstone's, an engineering firm that developed a worldwide market, became the largest employer in the town, and several other mechanical or electrical engineering firms were also successful. Other notable companies between the 1850s and 1950s included Williamson Cliff (refractory bricks), Hayes (wagons and carriages), Blashfield (terracotta), Kitson (pressure lamps) and Pick (motor cars).

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Birch, Neville, Stamford's Industrial Past: An Untold Story, [Book], SLHA, 2021
Birch, Neville, Anglo-Saxon Iron Foundries in Stamford, LIA Vol 1, No.4, 1966
Brooks, Gordon, Motor Car Manufacturers of Lincolnshire: 1. Pick Motor Cars, LIA Vol 5, No.2, 1970
Cox, Ralph, Hayes and Son, [Book], Stamford Properties,1970
Franks, D L, The Stamford and Essendine Railway, [BOOK],Turntable Enterprises, 1971
Franks, D L, Llewellyn Jewitt's View of the Stamford Brick and Tile Works, LIA Vol 7, No.4, 1972
Ireson, A S, The Stones of Stamford, [Book], Stamford Town Council, 1985
Jordan, A and E, Stamford All Change! How the Railway came to Stamford, [BOOK], Amphion Press, 1996
Key, Michael, Pick of Stamford, [Book], Paul Watkins, 1994
Key, Michael, A Century of Coachbuilding, [Book], Paul Watkins, 1990
Key, Michael, A Vey Brief History of Blackstone and Co. Ltd, [Book], the author, 1999
Key, Michael, Blackstone & Co of Stamford, in Redmore, K, 'Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines', SLHA, 2007
Key, Michael, The Kitson Empire Lighting Company Limited, Light International. Vol 4, No 1
Raines, David and Sleaford U3A Group, King's Mill, Stamford, LHA 39, 2004
Rhodes, John, Great Northern Lines to Stamford, [Book], KMS Books, 1988
Rogers, Alan, The Making of Stamford, [Book], Leicester University Press, 1965
Rogers, Alan, The Book of Stamford, [Book], Barracuda Books, 1983
Sheehan, N J, Newstead Bridge, Stamford, LP&P 118, 2019
Simpson, Keith, The Stamford Canal, [Book], Deepings Heritage, second edition 2010
Smith, Martin, Stamford Pubs and Breweries, [Book], Spiegel Press, 2006
Surry, Nigel, Traffic on a Lincolnshire Road 1838-39: Newstead Toll Bar, LIA Vol 4, No.4, 1969
Taylor, Gary, Tobacco Pipe Making in Stamford, LP&P 38, 1999
Tebbutt, Laurence, Stamford Clocks and Watches, [Book], the author, 1975
--, Blackstone Engine at Hereford Waterworks, LP&P 72, 2008

Hudd's Mill

Midland Railway Station

Blackstone's workshop

Hayes' wagon

East Lindsey, the largest of the county's districts, includes a long stretch of coastline from Wainfleet to Tetney - about 40 miles - and extends to the west as far as Wragby, a mere 10 miles from Lincoln.

The district includes a large portion of the Lincolnshire Wolds, a chalk-based upland rising to a little over four hundred feet. It also has areas of marshland, fen and clay vale.

The two largest settlements are Skegness, a seaside resort, population 20,000, and Louth, an inland market town, population 17,000. There are several small market towns which have grown up to serve a local area and many villages where for centuries agricultural work predominated.

The main industry of East Lindsey is agriculture, especially cereal growing, and businesses have emerged over the years in both towns and villages to supply farmers with materials and equipment and to process the products of their farms.

Implement and machine makers were to be found in many places as the nineteenth century progressed; millwrights found steady employment, as did wheelwrights and blacksmiths.

Most sizeable settlements had windmills for grinding grain and a smaller number had watermills. Maltings for barley and breweries were a common feature of the towns.

During both world wars of the twentieth century several airfields were built in this area; its easterly position was ideal for both defence and offence, and long runways were easily laid out in its flat terrain.

The second half of the twentieth century saw the introduction of plastics and packaging plants at Wragby, Horncastle and Louth.

Books and other Printed Sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

The area in general

Foster, Meryl & Simmons, Ian, Goates and Draynes: Dikereeves' accounts from the Seventeenth Century [East Fen], LP&P 106, 2016
Hancock, Terry, The Wolds at War, in Robinson, David N, "The Lincolnshire Wolds", Windgather Press, 2009
Redmore, Ken, Some Brick Kilns and Brickmakers of East Lincolnshire, in Howard, Jean & Start, David 'All Things Lincolnshire', SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, East Lincolnshire Railway: Crossing Keeper' Cottages, LHA 13 1978
Wright, Neil R, Transport in the Wolds, in Robinson, David N, "The Lincolnshire Wolds", Windgather Press, 2009
Wynn, Peter, Nineteenth Century Chalk Quarrying and Lime Burning in the South-Eastern Lincolnshire Wolds, LHA 50. 2015

Individual towns and villages

Sources are listed in alphabetical order of location. Note: Horncastle and Louth have been given separate pages in the website

Osborne, Mike, Home Direction Finder Structure [Addlethorpe], LP&P 80, 2010
Dow, George, Alford & Sutton Tramway, book published by the author, 1984
Moore, Colin, An English Country Millwright at the end of the Nineteenth Century, [Thompson of Alford] TIMS 97, 2018
Kirkham, Betty, Museum of Drainage [Anderby], LP&P 10, 1993
Davies, A, Baumber Brick Kiln, LHA 21, 1986
--, National Award for Baumber Brick Kiln, LN 63, 1990
Osborne, Mike, Defence of Britain [Binbrook], LP&P 23, 1996
Wilson, Catherine M, Burgh le Marsh Windmill: Its Early History, LHA 40, 2005
Lester, Chris, Dogdyke Pumping Station, LP&P 51, 2003
Raines, David and Sleaford U3A Group, Dogdyke Pumping Station, LHA 39, 2004
Squires, Stewart, Donington on Bain - The Second Platform. LHA 48, 2013
Lawie, Kit, Memories of the Brickyard [East Keal], Marden Hill Press, 2007
Waite, R L, Railway Signalling at Firsby, LIA Vol 4, No.4, 1969
Crust, Linda, Beech Farm, Greetham, LP&P 26, 1996
Newton, Eric D, Gunby Hall Water Supply, LHA 47, 2012
Kirkham, Betty, Wartime Pillboxes [Hogsthorpe], LP&P 9, 1992
Wilson, Gordon (Ed), Recollections of a Lincolnshire Miller, Robert Wilson of Huttoft, Louth NALS, 1994
Czautjkowski, Michael, The Kirkstead (Woodhall Spa) Coalfield, LHA 25, 2000
Lester, Chris & Redmore, Ken, Water Supply at Grange Farm, Langton by Spilsby, LHA 45, 2010
Neller, Ruth, Mablethorpe Water Tower, LP&P 38, 1999
Mills, Dennis, Titus Kime, Entrepreneur of Mareham le Fen, 1848-1931, and the Eldorado Potato Boom of 1903-1904, in Howard, Jean & Start, David "All Things Lincolnshire", SLHA, 2007
Padley, Chris, De Dion Bouton Car [Market Rasen], LP&P 80, 2010
Turner, John T, Moorby and Honington Camps, LP&P 59, 2005
Turner, John T, RAF North Cotes Missile Site, LHA 38, 2003
Plummer, Martin, RAF Donna Nook [North Somercotes], author, 2011
Adams, Chris, Rabbits, Sheep, Cows & Four Farmers [Oxcombe], LP&P, 97, 2014
Neller, Ruth, Skegness: A History of Railway Excursions, LHA 46, 2011
Neller, Ruth, Skegness, Mablethorpe and Cleethorpes: Contrasts of Land Ownership and Investment in the Development of Seaside Resorts, LHA 47, 2012
Kime, Winston, Skegness Presentation Tank, LP&P 5, 1991
--, The History: A Family History of Spring Manufacture, Skegness Springs Limited, 2010
Turner, John T, Cold War Remains in Lincolnshire [Skendleby], LP&P 46, 2002
Lester, Chris, The ACE HIGH communications Station at former RAF Stenigot, LHA 32, 1997
Lester, Chris J, RAF Stenigot Chain Home Radar Station, LP&P 30, 1997
Birch, Neville (Ed), Sutterby Lime Kiln, LIA Vol 3, No.3, 1968
Kirkham, Betty et al, Floods on the East Coast, 1953 [Sutton on Sea], LP&P 51, 2003
Redmore, Ken & Lester, Chris, Tathwell Lake and Water Supply, LHA 39, 2004
Barton, B M J, Tattershall Bridge, LHA 32, 1997
Wilson, C M (Ed), Tattershall Bridge, LHA 13, 1978
Hunt, W M, The Promotion of Tattershall Bridge and the Sleaford to Tattershall Turnpike, LHA 31, 1996
Squires, Stewart, Empire Wireless Communication [Tetney, Burgh le Marsh], LP&P 10, 1993
Hopcroft, David, Humber Radio [Trusthorpe], LP&P 79. 2010
--, Radio Bungalows at Trusthorpe, LP&P 73, 2008
Birch, M A, J G & G W Freshney, wheelwrights and builders of Willoughby, LIA Vol 7, No.2, 1972
Newton, Eric D, Withcall Farm Water Supply, LHA 47, 2012
Squires, Stewart, Woodhall Junction Urinal, LHA 46, 2011
Downs, Angela, Toll Bar Keeper, John Farrow [Wragby], LP&P 102, 2015
Raines, David and Sleaford U3A Group, Wragby Station Building, LHA 41, 2006
Sleaford U3A Group, Wragby Railway Goods Yard, LHA 47, 2021
Squires, Stewart, Blacksmith's and Saddler's Shop, Market Place, Wragby, LHA 41, 2006

Alford windmill

Stenigot radar transmitting tower

Baumber brick kiln

Skegness pier

This district covers the area immediately north of Lincoln, stretching along the Trent to the west, along the Witham to the south and the Wolds to the east. It includes the large town of Gainsborough and the much smaller market towns of Caistor and Market Rasen. Large Lincoln-orientated villages have developed along the southern edge of the district in the past few decades.

The Trent, on the western fringe, has always carried goods and the Ancholme, rising in the district, has provided a good link north to the Humber. Caistor was once served by a canal running eastwards from the Ancholme and a similar scheme for Market Rasen was planned but not implemented.

Railways were built from Lincoln to Gainsborough (1849) and to Grimsby (1848) through the district and both survive with limited traffic. A plan in 1881 to create a roadside tramway from Lincoln to Brigg would have run through the centre of the district but this was aborted.

As in other parts of Lincolnshire, industries have grown up to support agriculture or to process its products. Mining for ironstone in the Wolds between Market Rasen and Caistor occurred on a small scale in the mid-twentieth century. The particular industries of Gainsborough, a riverside port, are dealt with in a separate section of the website.

Several significant airfields (e.g. Scampton, Wickenby, Fiskerton, Dunholme Lodge, Bardney) were established in this area in wartime.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

The area in general or sources covering more than one parish

Birch, Neville (Ed), Points of Interest for the Industrial Archaeologist: Market Rasen & District, LIA Vol 6, Nos.2&3, 1971
Carey, Ray, The Fossdyke Navigation: 1741-1846, LP&P 28, 1997
Sass, Jon, Mills on the Rase, LHA 21, 1986
Squires, Stewart, Ironstone Mining in the Lincolnshire Wolds, (BOOK), SLHA, 2017
Wheeler, R C, The Fossdyke Navigation, LHA 49, 2014

Individual towns and villages
Sources are listed in alphabetical order of location. Note: Gainsborough has been given a separate page in the website

Padley, Christopher, Caistor Canal, LHA 44, 2009
Padley, Christopher, The Caistor Canal [revised and illustrated], (BOOK), SLHA, 2015
Birch, Neville, and Leverington, J, Claxby Ironstone Mines, LIA Vol 3, No.2, 1968
Everson, Paul, A 16th Century Manorial Woad Mill at Claxby, LHA 19, 1985
Padley, Christopher, Coal in Lincolnshire [Claxby], LP&P 51, 2003
Squires, Stewart, Claxby Ironstone Mine, LHA 34, 1999
Squires, Stewart & Russell, Rex, Claxby Ironstone Mine, LHA 34, 1999
Squires, Stewart, Windmills and Wildlife [Corringham], LP&P 20, 1995
Lewis, M J T, Dunham Bridge: A Memorial History, (BOOK), SLHA, 1978
Leach, T R, Brewing and Brickmaking in Dunholme, LIA, 1968
Wilson, Catherine M, Ivy House Farm, East Torrington, LHA 25, 1990
Barton, Barry & Wilson Catherine, Fiskerton Sluice, LHA 25, 1990
Parker, Charles, Royal Observer Corps at Fiskerton. LP&P 32, 1998
Turner, John T, Cold War Remains and the ROC [Fiskerton], LP&P 55, 2004
Foster, James, Glentworth Cliff Local Defence Volunteers, LP&P 96, 2014
Squires, Stewart, The Greetwell Ironstone Mine, LHA 45, 2010
Squires, Stewart, Greetwell Ironstone Quarry [and the Lincoln Eastern Bypass], LP&P 125, 2021
Squires, Stewart, The Greetwell Ironstone Mines, in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln II: The North-Eastern Suburbs", SL, 2010
Squires, Stewart, Two Lost Royal Flying Corps Buildings in Lincolnshire [Harpswell], LP&P 113, 2018
Hewitt, S Frank, Hewitt's Windmill, Heapham, (BOOK), the author, nd
Williams, John, RAF Hemswell & Derek Clinkard, LP&P 39, 1999
Wilson, Catherine et al, Manor Farm, Langworth, LHA 36, 2001
Ward, Brian, History of Public Houses in Market Rasen, LP&P 86, 2012
Boyce, Douglas, Market Rasen: The Coming of the Railway, LP&P 33, 1998
Ward, Brian, A History of Market Rasen Station, (BOOK), Rase Heritage Society, 2012
Padley, Chris, De Dion Bouton Car [Market Rasen], LP&P 80, 2010
Squires, Stewart, Roadside Water Supply [Middle Rasen], LP&P 93, 2013
Newton, Eric, Drilling for Water: W G Hamblett and Son of Nettleham, LP&P 124, 2021
Squires, Stewart, Visit to Nettleton Mines, 1995, LP&P 23, 1996
Page, Chris, The Railway between Lincoln and Saxilby, LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Hewis, Chris, The A57 from Saxilby to Dunham, LP&P 88, 2012
Squires, Stewart, Fossdyke Footbridge, Saxilby, LHA 25, 1990
Newton, Eric D, Black Springs Water Supply Plant, Thoresway, LHA 51 2016
Sass, Jon A, Thorganby Hall Waterwheel, LHA 40, 2005
Wilson, C M, Brandy Wharf Bridge, Waddingham, LHA 16, 198
Squires, Stewart, The Walesby Shaft, LHA 42, 2007
Barton, Barry, Bishopbridge, West Rasen, LP&P 13, 1993
Wilkinson, Alan J, Bishopbridge stone plinth [West Rasen], LP&P 14, 1993

Greetwell ironstone mine, 1933

South Kelsey. Mill Lock on the Caistor Canal

Heapham, Hewitt's windmill

The district of North Kesteven, in the west of the county immediately south of Lincoln, is centred on the market town of Sleaford (which is given a separate section in this website).

Limestone upland runs north-south through the area, flanked by the Trent valley to the west and fenland to the east. The land is intensively cultivated and apart from the North Hykeham and the Lincoln "fringe", population density is low.

Limestone has been quarried at various locations and there has been extensive extraction of sand and gravel in the north of the district. Other industries have generally been on a small scale and of limited duration.

World wars of the twentieth century brought several airfields to this district: Cranwell, and Waddington were - and remain - particularly significant, but there were also important WW2 bases - mainly for bomber squadrons - at Wellingore, Coleby, Digby, Fulbeck, Swinderby, Metheringham, Nocton, and Skellingthorpe.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Sources are listed in alphabetical order of location. Note: Sleaford has been given a separate page in the website

Wilson, C M, Aubourn Watermill, LHA 13, 1978
Barton B M J, St John's Hospital Water Tower, Bracebridge Heath, LHA 32, 1997
Squires, Stewart, Bracebridge Heath Belfast Truss Hangar, LP&P 41, & 42, 2000
Parker, Charles, World War I Hangars at Bracebridge Heath, LP&P 48, 2002
Mills, Joan and Dennis, Traditional Farmsteads and Farming at Branston, Lincolnshire, (Book) Branston History Group, 2011
Wilson, C M, Branston Gasworks, LHA 16, 1981, LHA 17, 1982
Redmore, Ken, Branston Hall Gasworks, LHA 45, 2010
Stevenson, Peter, Mere "Y" Listening Station [Branston], LP&P 87, 2012
Lester, Chris, Guidepost at Branston Mere, LP&P 46, 2002
Squires, Stewart, Former Water Mill at 1 Lincoln Road, Branston, LHA 46, 2011
Mills Dennis, The People of Branston in 1881 and the Building of the Railway, LP&P 116, 2019
Hair, Eric, Canwick Dovecote, LP&P 74, 2009
Singleton, Alan, Canwick Hall Sewage treatment Plant, LHA 44, 2009
Mills, Joan & Dennis, The Holy Well and Conduit at Canwick, LP&P 23, 1996
Birch, Neville, Claypole Post Mill, LIA Vol 7, No.2, 1972
Sass, Jon A, A Former Flax Mill, Claypole, LHA 14 197
Brook, Shirley, Tale of Two Farmsteads [Coleby, NK], LP&P 71, 2008
Stephenson, Peter, Long-Range Flights from RAF Cranwell, LP&P 77, 2009
Stephenson, Peter, RAF Cranwell's Runway and the M1, LP&P 54, 2007
Gray, Peter, Aerial Photo of RAF Cranwell, c.1923, LP&P 25, 1996
--, RAF Digby Operations Room Museum, LP&P 32, 1998
Birch, Maureen, Eagle Moor: An Industrial Hamlet, LP&P 98, 2015
Squires, Stewart, Evedon Siding and the Slea Navigation, LHA 44, 2009
Pocklington, A R, Heckington's Magnificent Eight-Sailed Windmill, (Book) Friends of Heckington Mill, 2000
Hollamby, Ken et al, Holdingham Watermill, LHA 50, 2015
Watson, Colin, Young's Watermill, Kirkby Green, LHA 18, 1983
Moore, Nick, A Delightful Find: Leadenham on the Lincoln to Honington Railway, LP&P 106, 2016
Squires, Stewart, Two Lost Royal Flying Corps Buildings in Lincolnshire [Leadenham], LP&P 113, 2018
Redmore, Ken, Remains of FIDO at RAF Metheringham, LHA 46, 2011
Pape, G E, Blacksmith's Shop at Osbournby, LIA Vol 3, No.1, 1968
Squires, Stewart, Potterhanworth Water Tower, LP&P 66, 2007
Gostick, Les, Coal in Lincolnshire [Quarrington], LP&P 50, 2003
Healey, Kenneth, A Home Guard Exercise [Scopwick], LP&P 19, 1995
Watts, Martin, Manor Mill (Wright's Mill), Scopwick, LHA 18, 1983
--, Scopwick Windmill, LP&P 15, 1994
Porter, John, Lancaster Crash, 1943 [Scredington], LP&P 97, 2014
Hubbard-Hall, Claire, Skellingthorpe Aerodrome, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2014
Wheeler, Rob, The Building of Skellingthorpe Reservoir, in Brook Shirley et al (Eds), "Lincoln Connections: Aspects of City and County since 1700", SLHA, 2011
Towers, Jean, Internal Recesses; Hen Roosts? [Waddington], LP&P 64, 2006

Washingborough, railway station and ferry

Heckington, Pocklington's Mill

RAF Coleby Grange control tower

Metheringham, WW2 emergency railway control building

The southern half of the former Kesteven division of Lincolnshire - in the far south-west of the County - became the District of South Kesteven in 1974. Grantham is the administrative centre; Stamford is the other town of significant size.

Much of the district is limestone heath land; there is a strip of fenland along the extreme east. The River Witham rises in the south of the District near the County boundary and flows north towards Lincoln, though is not navigable here. The Great North Road (later the A1) and the East Coast Main Line both run diagonally across the south west corner of the District.

The industries of Grantham, Stamford and Bourne are dealt with on other pages. The rural area has had industries related to the underlying limestone (quarrying, ironstone mining, lime burning) but little else of significance.

There were small airfields and emergency landing grounds at a few locations in the First World War. Larger bomber bases operated during the Second War at Folkingham, Barkston Heath, Harlaxton and North Witham.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

In alphabetical order of location. Note: Bourne, Grantham and Stamford are included in separate lists

Tonks, Eric, The Ironstone Mines of the Midlands, Part VIII South Lincolnshire

Jepson, D M, Belton Park Military Railway, LIA Vol 4, No.1, 1969
Squires, Stewart, Country House Tramways: Belton House, Harlaxton Manor and Stoke Rochford, LHA 47, 2012
Squires, Stewart, Castle Bytham Lime Kiln, LHA 45, 2010
Sass, Jon, Lincolnshire's Last Smock Mill [Dyke], LHA 36, 2001
Squires, Stewart, Fulbeck Airfield Control Tour, LP&P 32, 1998
Turner, John T, Moorby and Honington Camps, LP&P 59, 2005
Birch, Neville, Little Bytham Brickworks, LP&P 20, 1995
Beckwith, Ian S, Londonthorpe Mill, LIA Vol 2 No.4, 1967
Newton, Eric, A Lincolnshire Waterfall [Stoke Rochford], LP&P 91, 2013
Squires, Stewart, How did Twenty get its Name?, LP&P 122, 2020
Barton, Barry, Uffington Bridge - a Conundrum, LP&P 12, 1993

Uffington, bridge abutment, Stamford Canal

Belton House, water supply waterwheel

Carlton Scroop, microwave repeater station

The District of South Holland covers the extreme south-east part of the county, bordering the Wash to the east and Norfolk and Cambridgeshire to the south. It is entirely low-lying fenland.

Spalding (given a separate bibliography) is the largest settlement. Other towns in the district are Crowland, Long Sutton, Holbeach and Donington. There are several villages which are large by Lincolnshire standards.

Draining the land has always been of prime concern. A myriad of wind driven pumps were replaced in succession by steam, diesel and electric-powered pumps over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Agriculture, especially intensive growing of vegetables, dominates the area. The bulb industry has declined in recent years, but growing flowers and other crops under glass continues.

Other industries in this area tend to support agriculture or process its products. The small port of Sutton Bridge on the River Nene remains in operation.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Books and articles about the area

Barton Barry, The Lucas Freelite, LP&P 51, 2003
Hills, Richard L, Machines, Mills & Unaccountable Costly Necessities: A Short History of the Drainage of the Fens, (Book), Goose & Sons, 1967
Hills, Richard L, The Drainage of the Fens, (Book), Landmark, 2003
Jackson, Beryl, Potato Memories [Fens], LP&P 99, 2015
Padley, Chris, Peppermint Growing and Distillation [Fenland], LP&P 30, 1997
Price, Dorothea, River Welland, Amberley, 2012
Squires, Stewart & Wilson, Catherine (Eds), Growing Better: Lincolnshire and the Potato, (Book), SLHA, 2011
Summers, Dorothy, The Great Level: A History of Drainage and Land Reclamation in the Fens, (Book), David & Charles, 1976

Individual towns and villages.

Sources are listed in alphabetical order of location. Note: Spalding has been given a separate page on the website

Barsley, Harold, The Woad Industry of Algarkirk, LIA Vol 4, No.2, 1969
Driver, P, The Turnpike Roads of the Algarkirk, Fosdyke and Sutterton Area, LIA Vol 1, No.3, 1966
Dover, Dorothy, Migrating Labour at Dawsmere, LIA Vol 5, No.3. 1970
Lewis, Gerald A, Counter Drain Railway Bridge, Deeping St Nicholas, LHA 17, 1982
Healey, Hilary, Milestones at Fosdyke, LP&P 46, 2002
Hoare, Douglas, Managing a Farm in the Mid-Nineteenth Century [Gedney], LP&P 46, 2002
Birch, Neville, An 1857 Letter Box at Gosberton, LIA Vol 6, No.1, 1971
Wilson, C M, Peppermint Distillery at Holbeach, LIA Vol 8, No.1, 1973
Wright, Neil R, An Industrial Archaeology and History of Long Sutton and Sutton Bridge, (Book), LIA, 1970
Wright, Neil, Sutton Bridge & Long Sutton: An Industrial History, (Book), SLHA, 2009
Sass, Jon A, Sneath's Mill, Lutton Gowts, LHA 13 1978
Bonwick, Luke, Sneath's Mill, Lutton Gowts, (Booklet), The Mills Archive, 2018
Clowes, David, Sneath's Mill, Lutton Gowts, LP&P 83, 2011
Biggadike, John, The Story of Moulton Windmill, (Booklet), Moulton Windmill, 2014
Sass, Jon A, Moulton Mill, LHA 34, 1999
Curtis, Joyce M, Windmills in Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, (Book), SLHA 2014
Healey, Hilary, Quadring Water Tower, LP&P 38, 1999
Redmore, Ken, Sutton Bridge Dock, LHA 48, 2013

Crowland, water tower

Lutton Gowts, windmill tower

Sutton Bridge, swing bridge over the Nene

The unitary authority of North Lincolnshire, created in 1996, includes the Isle of Axholme in the west, the south bank of the Humber and the edge of Grimsby in the east. Scunthorpe is the largest centre of population; there are several small market towns serving a largely rural area.

The area includes two stetches of upland, both running north-south: the limestone ridge immediately east of the Trent and the broader chalk Wolds from the Humber at Barton. The remainder of the area is low-lying: the peaty fen of the Isle of Axholme, the central valley of the Ancholme and the coastal marsh along the Humber estuary.

Industries are more varied than in most parts of the county. Ironstone quarrying and iron & steel making developed on a large scale in Scunthorpe and have continued on the basis of imported ore. Chalk is extensively quarried near Barton for making cement and whiting.

Alluvial clays near the Humber bank are well suited to brick and tile manufacture and many relatively small brickyards have operated in this area. This was the largest area of brickmaking in the county.

Other industries are those expected of a rural area containing a major river (Trent) and on a broad river estuary (Humber).

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); TIMS = The International Molinological Society

Books and articles about the area

Day, Nicholas J, Bricks and Sails: The John Franks (1757-1957), Grimsby Museums and Heritage Services, 1995
Dunston, G, The Rivers of Axholme, A Brown & Sons, 1909
Holm, S A, Brick and Tile Making in South Humberside, Scunthorpe Museum, 1976
Kirk, Martin, Ferries Across the Humber, Pen & Sward Transport, 2014
Neave, David, Pantiles: Their Early Use and Manufacture in the Humber Region, in Tyszka, Dinah et al, Lincolnshire County Council, 1991
Page, C J, History of the Ancholme Navigation, LIA, 1969
Page, C J, Further Notes on the Ancholme Navigation, LIA Vol 7, N0.3, 1972
Taylor, Mike, Shipping on the Humber: The South Bank, Tempus, 2003
Waddington, H S, Industrial Archaeology Visit to Humber Ports, LN 60 and 61, 1989

Books and articles about individual towns and villages.

Sources are listed in alphabetical order of location. Note: Barton-upon-Humber, Brigg and Scunthorpe have been given separate pages on the website

Birch, Neville, Barnetby Maltkilns, LIA Vol 3, No.1, 1968, LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Padley, Chris, The Lady and the Engine Driver [Barnetby], LP&P 94, 2014
Waddington, H S, Obsolete Stone Sleeper Blocks Re-used at Barnetby, LHA 23, 1988
Sass, Jon A, Kingsgarth Mill, Barton upon Humber and the Pioneering Work of Robert Sutton, TIMS 101, 2020
Redmore, Ken, Brickmaking in East Halton: An Uncommon Multi-Chamber Kiln, LHA 51, 2016
Basquill, Sara, Lincolnshire's Prize Sheep [Frodingham], LP&P 120, 2020
Mouncey, G & Sass, Jon A, Reeson's Mill at Hibaldstow, LIA Vol 8, No.2, 1973
Lewis, M J T, Horkstow Bridge, LIA Vol 8, No.1, 1973
Lester, C J, Horkstow Bridge: The Chain Anchorages, LHA 39, 2004
Page, C and Upton, M J, Messingham Mill, LHA 15, 1980
Birch, Neville, Franks' Brickworks at South Ferriby, LIA Vol 5, No.4, 1970
Waddington, H S, New Holland Pier, LHA 17, 1982
White, P R, and Tye, A, Waterways & Railways in Barton and New Holland, LIA, c.1970
Hancock, Terry, North Killingholme Flying Boat Jetty, LP&P 87, 2012
Wilson C M (Ed), Roxby Horse Gin, LHA 12, 1976
Newton, Eric D, Two Pumped Water Supply Systems for the Gardens of Scawby Hall, LHA 51, 2016
Parker, Charles, T & J Fletcher [Winterton], in Redmore, K, Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
--, Wrawby Post Mill, (booklet), c.1970

Horkstow, suspension bridge

Owston Ferry, drainage pumping station

East Halton, brick kiln

Keadby, gas fired power station

The major industry of Lincolnshire - agriculture - has spawned a wide range of supporting or dependent enterprises. The manufacture of machinery for use in the farmer's fields and barns is an outstanding example of this.

In many instances blacksmiths, and to a lesser extent wheelwrights and carpenters, extended their range of skills to make simple agricultural implements and machines on a small scale. Other men began specifically as machine makers and those who had sound investment and well-designed products flourished to create substantial businesses, perhaps reaching national of even international markets.

Several of the more successful manufacturers of agricultural machinery went on to diversify into general mechanical engineering. The emphasis in this section is on those firms whose principal products were for the farm.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Books

Anderson, Peter, Three Decades of Marshall Tractors, Farming Press, 1997
Brooks, Richard & Longdon, Martin, Lincolnshire-Built Engines, Lincolnshire County Council, 1986
Dale, John et al, Ward & Dale, A History of the Sleaford Cultivators, Steam Plough Club, 2014
Dewey, Peter, Iron Harvests of the Field: The Making of Farm Machinery in Britain since 1800, Carnegie Publishing, 2008
Pointer, Michael, Hornsbys of Grantham, 1815-1918, Bygone Grantham, 1978
Pointer, Michael, Ruston & Hornsbys, Grantham, 1918-1963, Bygone Grantham, 1977
Redmore, K (Ed), Ploughs, Chaffcutters and Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
Wilson, C M (Ed), Ploughs up to Date [facsimile of Hornsby catalogue, 1891], Lincolnshire County Council, 1984

Journal articles and book chapters

Cartwright, Adam, Rainforths of Lincoln, LHA 45, 2010
Cartwright, Adam, Rainforths of Lincoln: A Postscript, LP&P 102, 2015
Cartwright, Adam, W Rainforth & Sons, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Cooke, Hugh, John Cooke & Sons, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Dent, Anthony, Marshall Engine in Zimbabwe, LP&P 115, 2019
Key, Michael, Blackstone & Co of Stamford, in Redmore, K, Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
Page, Chris, A History of Michael Penistan Junior, Agricultural Engineer, Lincoln, LHA 49, 2014
Page, Chris, Agricultural Machinery Making in Upper Lincoln, in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln I: Burton Road, Newport and the Ermine Estate", SOL, 2009
Pentelow, A W C, The Search for the Borzig [ploughing and drainage engine], LIA Vol 8, No.2, 1973
Redmore, Ken, Early Days of Steam Powered Threshing, LP&P 53, 2003
Wheeldon, J R (Ed), Cooke's Celebrated Ploughs [facsimile of John Cooke of Lincoln catalogue, nd]
Wilson, C M (Ed), Roxby Horse Gin, LHA 12, 1976
Wilson, Catherine, James Coultas of Grantham, in Redmore, K, (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, William Howden & Son, Engineers of Boston, LHA 33, 1998
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford and Sons of Boston: A Family Business, LHA 38, 2003

Blackstone & Co (Stamford), haymaker

John Cooke & Sons (Lincoln), plough

Foley Brothers (Bourne), straw elevator

Bricks imported from Hull were used for the late fourteenth century gatehouse at Thornton Abbey and the Gainsborough Old Hall (mid-fifteenth century). However, Tattershall Castle (1440s), Wainfleet Magdalen School (1484) and Bardney St Lawrence chancel (1430s) were built of locally made bricks. In the succeeding centuries brick - usually local - was often the choice for houses of both aristocracy and gentry.

As in other lowland counties with no suitable local stone, brick making gradually became widespread across the north and east of the Lincolnshire, i.e. excluding much of the limestone belt to the west. Larger brickworks were established in or close to the major population centres. The highest concentration of sites was on the Humber bank around Barton where clay was abundant and, importantly, both the import of fuel and export of finished bricks and tiles were relatively easy. (Pantiles had first been made here in the late eighteenth century.)

By the mid-nineteenth century bricks were almost invariably made in permanent kilns rather than clamps, and a variation of the familiar Scotch kiln with arched, enclosed roof became common in east Lincolnshire, though it remained rare elsewhere in the UK. With a few notable exceptions, Lincolnshire bricks are a dark-red in colour.

One tilery continues to operate (2013) at Barton on Humber and the owner is also developing a visitor centre at the former Blyth's Tilery immediately to the west of the Humber Bridge. The remains of enclosed Scotch kilns can be seen at Baumber, Farlesthorpe, Stixwould and Sutton on Sea. A larger down-draught brick kiln of the Staffordshire type survives at East Halton near Immingham.

Brick kiln at Sutton on Sea

Blyth's Tilery, Barton on Humber

Hack (drying shed), Blyth's Tilery, Barton on Humber

Books and Other Sources

Baines, W, Brick Making: A Lincolnshire Industry, unpublished pamphlet, UP5883, Lincoln Central Library
Birch, Neville, Little Bytham Brick Works, Lincolnshire Past & Present 20 (1995)
Birch, Neville, Franks' Brickworks at South Ferriby, Industrial Archaeology Group at Lincolnshire LHS, Vol 5, No.4, 1970
Booth, Adrian, William Blyth's Tileries, Railway Bylines, April-May 1998
Bryant, G F & Land, N D, Bricks, Tiles and Bicycles in Barton before 1900, Barton WEA, 2007
Burnett, M L, A Lincolnshire Brickmaker [Parker of Friskney], Lincolnshire Life, Aug 1970, pp30-31
Carey, Raymond, The River and John Frank, and Reads Island, The River and John Frank Enterprise, c1997
Davies, A, Baumber Brick Kiln, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 21 (1986)
Day, Nicholas J, Bricks and Sails, saga of boats and bricks, Great Grimsby Borough Councils Museums and Heritage Services, 1995
Franks, D L, Llewellyn Jewitt's View of the Stamford Brick and Tile Works, Industrial Archaeology Group at Lincolnshire LHS, Vol 7, No.4, 1972
Hammond, M D P, Brick Kilns: An Illustrated Survey [includes kiln at Sutton on Sea], Industrial Archaeology Review, Volume 1 No. 2 (1977)
Holm, S A, Brick and Tile Making in South Humberside, the author, 1976
Lawie, Kit, Memories of the Brickyard, Marden Hill Press, 2007
Leach, T R, Dunholme Bricks, unpublished pamphlet, 1967
Neave, David, Pantiles: Their Early Use and Manufacture in the Humber Region in Tyszka et al (Eds), 'Land, People and Landscapes', Lincolnshire CC, 1991
Newton, Ron, My Childhood Playground [Barton brickyards], Hutton Press, 2001
Redmore, K, Some Brick Kilns and Brick Makers of East Lincolnshire in Howard J & Start D, (Eds), 'All Things Lincolnshire', SLHA, 2007
Redmore, K, Brick Making in the West End of Lincoln, in Walker, A, (Ed) 'Lincoln's West End', Survey of Lincoln, 2008
Redmore, K, Brickmaking in East Halton: An Uncommon Multi-Chamber Kiln, SLHA Journal, Vol 51, 2016
Robinson, D N, Lincolnshire Bricks: History and Gazetteer, Heritage Lincolnshire, 1999
Robinson, D N, Brick and Tile Making [Lincolnshire sites] in Bennett & Bennett, 'An Historical Atlas of Lincolnshire', University of Hull, 1993
Russell, R, The Growth of the Brick & Tile Industry in Lincolnshire [unpublished manuscript], c1993
Smith, T P, Hussey Tower, Boston: a Late Medieval Tower House of Brick, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 14 (1979)
Squires, Stewart, Cross O Cliff Hill Brickworks, Industrial Archaeology Note, SLHA Journal, Vol 27, 1992
Squires, Stewart, Brick is Beautiful, Lincolnshire Past & Present, 120, 2020
Trueman, A E, The Lias Brickyards of South-West Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire Naturalists' Union, 1920
Wales, D & White, A, Magdalen College School, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire CC, 1981
White, A, Early Brick Buildings in Lincolnshire: A Guide, Lincolnshire Museums: City & County Museum, 1982
Wilson, C M, Lincoln Brick Company Works, Waddington, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 12 (1977)

Ken Redmore, 2013

Waterways have been used for transport in Lincolnshire for many centuries. The Vikings and Danes are believed to have used the River Trent, and the Fossdyke is popularly said to have been built by the Romans as part of a transport link for food and supplies to be taken from the east of England up to York and beyond. Navigation must have depended on water levels and may not have been possible in dry periods.

Prior to the Industrial Revolution the Ancholme was improved in 1287 and the Welland made navigable by 1673. The forerunner of the modern canals, the Bridgewater Canal from Preston Brook to Manchester, gained its Act of Parliament in 1759 but Grundy had carried out his survey for the Louth Canal in 1756 (built 1770).

The Industrial Revolution brought improvements to the Ancholme and the Trent; locks on the Witham and the Louth and the Tattershall Canals, all between 1767 and 1786. Now came the period known as the Canal Mania and by 1830 waterway travel was possible to Sleaford, Horncastle, Grantham, Caistor (actually Moortown) and on the River Nene. There were failed attempts to reach both Alford and Market Rasen.

There have also been a number of land drainage channels that have been or are still navigable. The widest network of these are the Witham Navigable Drains, a collection of waterways that are still navigable today north of Boston although, like their ancient precursors, the navigable limits are set by their fluctuating water levels.

Alvingham Lock, Louth Canal

Staunch, River Bain, Horncastle

Books and Other Sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Acton, R, Navigations and the Mid-Lincolnshire Economy, 1790-1830, LHA Volume 15, 1980
Acton, R, The Market Rasen Canal, 1801-1980, LHA Volume 17, 1982
Almond, John, The Grand Sluice, Boston, Lincolnshire Past & Present 105, 2016
Atkin, Wendy J, The Old Warehouse in Navigation Yard, Sleaford, LP&P No 33/34, Autumn and Winter 1998
Barton, Barry & Wilson, Catherine, Fiskerton Sluice, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 25, 1990
Beckwith, I S, The Book of Gainsborough, Barracuda Books Ltd, 1988 (in particular Waterways, pp95-108)
Beckwith, I S, The River Trade of Gainsborough, 1500-1850, LHA Volume 2, 1967
Beckwith, I S, The History of Transport and Travel in Gainsborough, Gainsborough Urban District Council, 1971
Bennett, Stewart and Bennett Nicholas, An Historical Atlas of Lincolnshire, University of Hull Press, 1993, (in particular, Wright, Neil, Navigable Waterways and Canals, pp 80/81)
Birch, N C, Stamford an Industrial History, SLHA, Reprint 1999 (in particular pp26-28)
Birch, N C, Waterways and their uses in Lincolnshire, LP&P No 28, Summer 1997
Bowskill, Derek, Northeast Waterways, a cruising guide to the Witham, Trent, Yorkshire Ouse and associated waterways, Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson, 1986
Brooks, M, Horncastle Canal Survey, LIA Vol 1, No 1, 1966
Caldicott, Arthur, Life on the Trent and Humber Rivers, Richard Kay, 1999
Carey, Ray, The Fossdyke Navigation, 1741-1846, the era of the Ellisons, LP&P No 29, Autumn 1997
Carey, Raymond, The River and John Frank, and Reads Island, The River and John Frank Enterprise, c1997
Cheetham, A K, Grantham Canal, LIA Volume III, Number 1, p3
Clapson, Rodney, Barton and the River Humber, Barton on Humber WEA, 2007
Clarke, J N, The Horncastle and Tattershall Canal, Oakwood Press, 1990
Corrie, Euan, Restoration Report Grantham Canal, in Waterways World, June 1994
Cove-Smith, Chris, The Grantham Canal Today, Grantham Canal Restoration Society, 1974
Craven, E, Notes from the papers (Lincoln Steam Packets), LIA Volume 8, No 3, p51, 1973
Day, Nicholas J, Bricks and Sails, saga of boats and bricks, Great Grimsby Borough Councils Museums and Heritage Services, 1995
Day, Nicholas J, Humber Keels by John Frank plus Sloopmen of South Ferriby, River and John Frank Enterprise, 1996 Edition
de Salis, Henry, Bradshaw's Canals and Navigable Rivers of England and Wales, 1904, Old House Books, Reprint 2012
Dï¿½Orley, Alun A, The Humber Ferries, Nidd Valley Narrow Gauge Railways, 1968
Dunston, G, The Rivers of Axholme, A Brown & Sons, 1909 (book)
English, Jim, River Trips on the River Trent, Lincolnshire Past & Present No 27, Spring 1997
Fletcher, Harry, A Life on the Humber, Keeling to Shipbuilding, Faber & Faber, 1975
Gostick, Les, Our River Slea, Self published, no date
Hadfield, Charles and Boughey, Joseph, Hadfield's British Canals, Eighth Edition, Budding Books, 1994
Hadfield, Charles and Skempton, AW, William Jessop, Engineer, David and Charles, 1979
Hadfield, Charles, The Canals of the East Midlands, David and Charles, Second Edition, 1970
Hunt, W M, The Sleaford Navigation Office, LHA Volume 10, 1975
Hunt, W M, Horncastle Navigation Engineers, 1792-94, Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society (RCHS), March 1979
Hunt, W M, The Lincoln High Bridge Scheme, RCHS Journal, Nov 1991
Jones, P, The Ever Confusing Horncastle Canal, RCHS Journal July 2003
Lester, C J, Navigation House, Sleaford, LP&P No 3, Spring 1991
Lester, C J, Horkstow Bridge: The Chain Anchorages, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 39, 2004
Lord, Peter, Portrait of the River Trent, Robert Hale, Reprint 1972
Lyons, N J L, Louth Navigation Act of 1828, LIA Volume IV, Number 1, p2, January 1969
McKnight, Hugh, The Shell Book of Inland Waterways, David and Charles, 1975
Newton, Ron, My Childhood Playground, Hutton Press, 2001. (Includes memories of the brickworks, the chalk quarries and the Haven, to the west of Barton upon Humber)
Padley, Christopher, The Caistor Canal, LHA Volume 44, 2009; reprint with revisions & extra illustrations, SLHA, 2015
Page, C J, Ancholme Navigation, LIA Volume VII, Number 3, p.33, 1972
Page, C J, Further Notes on the Ancholme Navigation, LIA Vol 7, N0.3, 1972
Paget-Tomlinson, Edward W, The Complete Book of Canal and River Navigations, Waine Research Publications, 1978
Pawley, Simon & Turland, Michael, Sleaford Navigation Portal, Lincolnshire Past & Present 120, 2020
Pawley, Simon & Turland, Michael, Sleaford Navigation Portal: Some Further Thoughts, Lincolnshire Past & Present 121, 2020
Perrot, David, Editor, Ordnance Survey Guide to the Waterways, 3, North, Robert Nicholson Publications, 1983
Pitman, Tony, The Grantham Canal Guide, Grantham Canal Society, 2008
Price, Dorothea, A River Journey through the Deepings, no publisher or date stated
Redmore, Ken, Horncastle Navigation: Poling Holes, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 47, 2012
Richardson, Christine, Lingering in Lincs, in Waterways World, October 1992. (Fossdyke, Witham and Navigable Drains)
Robinson, David, Putting into Port, pp31-41, in Lincolnshire on the Move, Editors Howard, Jean and Lester, Chris, SLHA, 2005
Russell, Ronald, Lost Canals of England and Wales, in particular Chapter 5, The East Midlands, (Grantham Canal) and Chapter 8, The East, (Louth, Horncastle and Caistor Canals), David and Charles, 1971
Schofield, Fred, Humber Keels and Keelmen, Terence Dalton Ltd, 1988
Simmons, Brian and Cope-Faulkner, Paul, The Car Dyke, Heritage Lincolnshire, 2006
Simpson, Keith (Ed), The Stamford Canal, Deepings Heritage, 2010
Sizer, S M, Louth Navigation, A History, (1756-1926), Louth Navigation Trust, 1999
Skempton, A W, The Engineering Works of John Grundy (1719-1783), LHA 19 (1984)
Squires, Stewart, Fossdyke Footbridge, Saxilby, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 25, 1990
Squires, Stewart, A Tale of Two Bridges (Fossdyke, Saxilby), in Waterways World, September 1988
Squires, Stewart, Ferries of the Tidal Trent, in Canal and Riverboat, May 1990
Squires, Stewart, Hauling Along the Cut, pp42-50 in Lincolnshire on the Move, Editors Howard, Jean and Lester, Chris, SLHA, 2005
Squires, Stewart, The Caistor Canal, in Waterways World, May 1990
Squires, Stewart, Evedon Siding and the Slea Navigation, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 44, 2009
(anon), The Stamford Canal, Deepings Heritage, no date
Waddington, H S, Louth Navigation, LHA Volume 21, 1986
Walker, Andrew, Editor, Brayford Pool, Lincoln's Waterfront Through Time, Survey of Lincoln, 2012
Wheeler, R C, The Fossdyke Navigation, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology 49, 2014
Wheeler, R C, Enforcing Speed Limits on the Witham, Lincolnshire Past & Present 91, 2013
White, Peter R, The Alford Canal, Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society, Volume XVI No.2, 1970
White, P R, and Tye, A, Waterways & Railways in Barton and New Holland, LIA, c.1970
Wilson, Catherine, Ed, Barton on Humber, Clapson's Boatyard, LHA, Volume 12, 1977
Wilson, Catherine, Ed, Lincoln, Stamp End Lock Footbridge, LHA, Volume 12, 1977
Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry 1700-1914, Chapters 3 and 8, History of Lincolnshire Committee, 1982
Wright, Neil R, Sutton Bridge - An Industrial History, SLHA, 2009
Wright, Neil, Witham Town, Boston, Terminus of the Witham Navigation, LIA, Volume VI, Number 4,1971

Updated 2022

This section is concerned with twentieth century defence. The county has remains of Norman and medieval castles and later buildings have appeared with fashionable battlements and moats, but books and papers about them are not included in this bibliography.

As a coastal county on the eastern side of the country, Lincolnshire has played a strong role in national defence in the modern period. This was particularly the case during the two world wars of the twentieth century.

A number of airfields with grass runways were established in the First World War by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. Buildings and other structures survive from some of these stations; several were modified and extended for WW2.

The Second World War saw a great increase in numbers of stations, especially for Lancasters and other bomber aircraft. There are many buildings still standing on former WW2 airfield sites, and a small number of these are still operational.

Anti-invasion structures, such as defence batteries, pill boxes and machine gun posts, are to be found around airfield sites, near the coast and alongside strategic routes. Pylons and buildings of the Chain Home radar transmitting and receiving station at RAF Stenigot still survive, though much reduced in number.

Later developments of the Cold War period brought new structures to North Cotes, Fiskerton, Skendleby, Coleby and elsewhere.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Books

Blake, Ron, Hodgson, Mike & Taylor, Bill, The Airfields of Lincolnshire since 1912, Midland Publishing, 1984
Crust, Linda, Ration Books and Rabbit Pie: Lincolnshire Folk Remember the War, SLHA, 2008
Green, Peter, Mike Hodgson & Bill Taylor, Wings over Lincolnshire, Midland Publishing, 1994
Halfpenny, Bruce, Military Airfields of Lincolnshire and the East Midlands,
Hall, C E, Look, Duck and Vanish: The Home Guard in Rural Lincolnshire, Heritage Lincolnshire, 1995
Hancock, T N, Bomber County, Lincolnshire Library Service, 1978
Osborne, Mike, 20th Century Defences in Britain: Lincolnshire, Brassey's, 1997
Osborne, Mike, Defending Lincolnshire: A Military History from Conquest to Cold War, The History Press, 2010
Otter, Patrick, Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War, Countryside Books, 1996
Percy, Chris & Ryan, Noel, Lincolnshire Aviation in World War I, Aviation Heritage Lincolnshire, 2012
Percy, Chris & Ryan, Noel, Lincolnshire Aviation in World War II, Aviation Heritage Lincolnshire, nd
Percy, Chris & Ryan, Noel, Lincolnshire Aviation in the Cold War, Aviation Heritage Lincolnshire, 2013
Plummer, Martin, RAF Donna Nook, author, 2011
Pullen, Richard, The Landships of Lincoln, Tucann, 2003
Rodger, David and Cooper, Patrick (Eds), Lincolnshire Women at War, Heritage Lincolnshire, 1997
Sansom, Mark, The Secret Army: Wartime Underground Resistance in Lincolnshire, Heritage Lincolnshire, 2004
Turner, John T, "Nellie": The History of Churchill's Lincoln-Built Trenching Machine, SLHA, 1988
Walls, John, Clayton & Shuttleworth & Marshall Aircraft Production, Brayford Press, 1977
Walls, J & Parker, C, Aircraft Made in Lincoln, SLHA, 2000

Journal articles and book chapters

Bailey, Adrian, Robey's and RAF Fylingdale, LP&P 90, 2013
Basquill, Sara, First World War Tank in Museum [Lincoln], LP&P 101, 2015
Birch, Maureen, Lancaster W4778 [1943 loss], LP&P 20, 1995
Birch, Neville, Robey's Military Aircraft, LIA Vol 8, No.2, 1973
Carle, Annabel, Sir William Tritton and the Tank, LP&P 61, 2005
Davies, Andrew, Grantham's Presentation Tank, LP&P 4, 1991
Evans, Gwyn, A Reappraisal of Lincoln Tank Production in 1916, LHA 50, 20515
Foster, James, Glentworth Cliff LDV, LP&P 96, 2014
Gostick, Les, Zeppelin Raid [Sleaford], LP&P 39, 2000
Gray, Adrian, The Birth of the Tank, in Gray, Adrian, "Lincolnshire Headlines", Countryside Books, 1993
Gray, Peter, Aerial Photo of RAF Cranwell, c.1923, LP&P 25, 1996
Hancock, Terry, North Killingholme Flying Boat Jetty, LP&P 87, 2012
Hancock, Terry, The Wolds at War, in Robinson, David N, "The Lincolnshire Wolds", Windgather Press, 2009
Healey, Kenneth, A Home Guard Exercise [Scopwick], LP&P 19, 1995
Hodson, Maurice, The West End Depot, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SOL, 2008
Hollis, Barry, The Impact of the Royal Air Force, in Mills, Dennis R (Ed), "Twentieth Century Lincolnshire", SLHA, 1989
Hopcroft, David, Humber Radio [Trusthorpe], LP&P 79. 2010
Hubbard-Hall, Claire, Lincoln Drill Hall, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre: North of the Witham", SOL, 2015
Hubbard-Hall, Claire, Skellingthorpe Aerodrome, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs, SOL, 2014
Huggins, Rhona, Comment on Turner, John T, "Nellie": The History of Churchill's Lincoln-Built Trenching Machine, NL 60, 1989
Jepson, D M, Belton Park Military Railway, LIA Vol 4, No.1, 1969
Kime, Winston, Skegness Presentation Tank, LP&P 5, 1991
Kirkham, Betty, Wartime Pillboxes [Hogsthorpe], LP&P 9, 1992
Lester, Chris, The ACE HIGH communications Station at former RAF Stenigot, LHA 32, 1997
Lester, Chris J, RAF Stenigot Chain Home Radar Station, LP&P 30, 1997
Osborne, Mike, Buildings for Conflict, in Judson, Paula and Lester, Chris, "Twentieth Century - What
Heritage", Heritage Lincolnshire, 2001
Osborne, Mike, First World War Searchlight Position, Lincoln, LHA 41, 2006
Osborne, Mike, Defence of Britain [Binbrook], LP&P 23, 1996
Osborne, Mike, Home Direction Finder Structure [Addlethorpe], LP&P 80, 2010
Parker, Charles, Royal Observer Corps at Fiskerton, LP&P 32, 1998
Parker, Charles, World War I Hangars at Bracebridge Heath, LP&P 48, 2002
Parker, Charles, The Royal Observer Corps in Lincolnshire & Humberside, Lincolnshire Aviation Society, revised edition 2013
Parker, Charles, Aircraft Production in the First World War [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Pawley, Simon, Boston Road PoW Camp [Sleaford], LP&P 106, 2016
Porter, John, Lancaster Crash, 1943 [Scredington], LP&P 97, 2014
Redmore, Ken, Remains of FIDO at RAF Metheringham, LHA 46, 2011
Redmore, Ken, World War 1 and Lincoln Gasworks, LP&P 103, 2016
Squires, Stewart, Empire Wireless Communication [Tetney, Burgh le Marsh], LP&P 10, 1993
Squires, Stewart, Fulbeck Airfield Control Tour, LP&P 32, 1998
Squires, Stewart, Bracebridge Heath Belfast Truss Hangar, LP&P 41, & 42, 2000
Squires, Stewart, Women Munition Workers in Lincoln, LP&P 111, 2018
Squires, Stewart, Two Lost Royal Flying Corps Buildings in Lincolnshire [Leadenham, Harpswell], LP&P 113, 2018
Stevenson, Peter, RAF Cranwell's Runway and the M1, LP&P 54, 2007
Stevenson, Peter, Long-Range Flights from RAF Cranwell, LP&P 77, 2009
Stevenson, Peter, Wartime Memories [Grantham], LP&P 59, 2005
Stevenson, Peter, Mere "Y" Listening Station [Branston], LP&P 87, 2012
Swann, Philip, Dark Skies: Royal Air Force Bomber Command in Lincolnshire, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Aspects of Lincoln: Discovering Local History", Wharncliffe Books, 2001
Turner, John T, RAF North Cotes Missile Site, LHA 38, 2003
Turner, John T, Cold War Remains in Lincolnshire [Skendleby], LP&P 46, 2002
Turner, John T, Cold War Remains and the ROC [Fiskerton], LP&P 55, 2004
Turner, John T, Prisoner of War Camps [Lincolnshire], LP&P 58, 2005
Turner, John T, Moorby and Honington Camps, LP&P 59, 2005
Walker, Andrew, The Fourth Northern General Hospital, [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln II: The North-Eastern Suburbs", SOL, 2010
Walker, Andrew, The Barracks [Burton Road, Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Uphill Lincoln I: Burton Road, Newport and the Ermine Estate", SL, 2009
Williams, John, RAF Hemswell & Derek Clinkard, LP&P 39, 1999
Wilson, John, Grimsby and Butterfly Bombs, LP&P 18, 1994
Yeates-Langley, Ann, Women Munition Workers in Lincoln during the First World War, LHA 49, 2014
Yeates-Langley, Ann, Female Munition Workers in Lincoln, LP&P 100, 2015
Yeates-Langley, Ann, The West Common at War: Number Four Acceptance Park, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SL, 2008
--, Radio Bungalows at Trusthorpe, LP&P 73, 2008
--, RAF Digby Operations Room Museum, LP&P 32, 1998
--, Generators in a WW2 Air Raid Shelter, LP&P 74, 2009
--, The Birth of the Tank, LP&P 101, 2015

Grantham, Barracks, c.1870

North Killingholme, seaplane jetty

Theddlethorpe, 'pill box'

Stenigot, radar receiving pylon

Binbrook RAF Station, memorial

A good portion of Lincolnshire lies close to - or even below - sea level, especially in the fens (mainly in the south-east of the county) and the coastal marsh. Land drainage is a longstanding problem. Even where there are extensive field drains, water very often has to be lifted into embanked rivers or drainage channels.

Pumps have assisted with drainage, firstly as wind-powered scoop wheels, and then, as the nineteenth century progressed, with more sophisticated pumps powered by steam and later diesel engines. Today's pumps rely upon a supply of electricity.

Sewerage has long been the responsibility of town authorities, later to extended to rural areas by district councils. Some country houses installed small sewage treatment plants.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Books

Hills, Richard L, Machines, Mills & Unaccountable Costly Necessities: A Short History of the Drainage of the Fens, Goose & Sons, 1967
Hills, Richard L, The Drainage of the Fens, Landmark, 2003
Miles, W D, A History of the Drainage of Bourne South Fen and Thurlby Fen, Ingelow Press, 1976
Mills, Dennis, Influence and Effluence: Public Health, Sewers and Politics in Lincoln, 1848-50, SLHA, 2015
Summers, Dorothy, The Great Level: A History of Drainage and Land Reclamation in the Fens, David & Charles, 1976

Journal articles and book chapters

Almond, John, W H Wheeler, Polymath of Boston, LP&P 88, 2012
Barton, Barry & Wilson Catherine, Fiskerton Sluice, LHA 25, 1990
Foster, Meryl & Simmons, Ian, Goates and Draynes: Dikereeves' accounts from the Seventeenth Century [East Fen], LP&P 106, 2016
George, Beryl, Lincoln, Sewerage and Government Inspectors, LHA 46, 2011
Hickman, Paul, Some Nineteenth-Century Wigford Nuisances, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Kirkham, Betty, Museum of Drainage [Anderby], LP&P 10, 1993
Lester, Chris, Dogdyke Pumping Station, LP&P 51, 2003
Lester, Chris, Gwynne's Pumps at Wiggenhall St German, LP&P 83, 2011
Mills, Dennis, Brayford Pool and George Giles' Sanitary Report of 1849, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Pawley, Simon, Sleaford Drainage and Public Health, LP&P 7, 1992
Raines, David and Sleaford U3A Group, Dogdyke Pumping Station, LHA 39, 2004
Singleton, Alan, Canwick Hall Sewage Treatment Plant, LHA 44, 2009
Stevenson, Peter, Fenland Draglines, LP&P 74, 2009
Wheeler, Rob, A Tunnel and a Tankard Valve, in Walker, Andrew, "Boultham and Swallowbeck: Lincoln's South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2013
Wheeler, Rob, Great Gowts - A Forgotten Ford, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Wheeler, Rob, Drainage in the Neighbourhood [South-East Lincoln]; the Importance of Sincil Dyke, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Wheeler, Rob, Drainage and Brayford Pool, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
--, Boultham Waterworks, Sincil Drain [photos], LP&P 92, 2013

Dogdyke Pumping Station

Boston, Black Sluice Pumping Station

Canwick Hall, sewage treatment plant

The lists below EXCLUDE Engineering in LINCOLN, which is given a separate page on this website. MOTOR VEHICLES sources are also separately listed.

As in Lincoln the majority of the significant engineering firms in other part of the county had their origins in the manufacture of agricultural implements and machinery or as iron founders. Two firms, Marshall of Gainsborough, and Blackstone of Stamford dominated their towns by their size and significance. Boston also boasted important pioneering engineers with an eye to the farming industry in Howden and Tuxford.

Millwrights were widespread; some such as Saunderson of Louth and Thompson of Alford built and maintained mills over a wide area.

Examples of specialist engineers based in the county are Rose Brothers, packing machinery makers (Gainsborough), Sullivan, mining equipment (Grantham), and Charles Hett, water supply equipment (Brigg). As the twentieth century progressed there were firms making electric motors and electrical equipment, such as Cutting of Stamford.

Books and other Printed Sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Books

Barton, Barry, Civil Engineering Heritage: East Midlands, Ruddocks Publishing, 2016
Birch, Neville, Stamford's Industrial Past, SLHA, 2021
Brooks, Richard & Martin Longdon, Lincolnshire Built Engines, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, 1986
Clark, Ronald H, Steam-Engine Builders of Lincolnshire, re-published by SLHA, 1998
Edlington, S & Rose, D, Rose Brothers (Gainsborough) Ltd, authors, 2009
Key, Michael, A Very Brief History of Blackstone and Co. Ltd, the author, 1999
Key, Michael, Blackstone & Co of Stamford, in Redmore, K, Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
Labrum, E A, Civil Engineering Heritage: Eastern and Central England, Institution of Civil Engineers, 1994
Pointer, Michael, Hornsbys of Grantham, 1815-1918, Bygone Grantham, 1978
Pointer, Michael, Ruston & Hornsbys, Grantham, 1918-1963, Bygone Grantham, 1977
Pointer, Michael, The Rise and Fall of Aveling-Barford, 1933-1988, Bygone Grantham, 1997
Sass, Jon A, Saundersons: Millwrights & Engineers of Louth, The Mills Archive, 2017
Stevenson, Peter, Grantham: An Industrial Trail, SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry: 1700-1914, SLHA, 1982
Wright, Neil (Ed), Lincolnshire's Industrial Heritage- A Guide, SLHA, 2004

Journal articles and book chapters

Bailey, Michael, William Billingsley & Henry Banks [Lincoln], LP&P 32, 1998
Birch, Neville, and White, P R, Fowler & Holden (Grimsby) Ltd, LIA Vol,3, No,2, 1968
Dent, Anthony, Marshall Engine in Zimbabwe, LP&P 115, 2019
Edlington, Susan et al, J & B Edlington of Gainsborough, in Redmore, K, (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Knapp, Malcolm, Coles Cranes, Dysart Road, Grantham, LHA 12, 1976
Page, Chris, James Hart & Sons of Brigg, in Redmore, K, "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Page, Chris, C L Hett of Brigg, in Redmore, K, "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Page, Chris, The Products of C L Hett, Ironfounder of Brigg, LIA Vol 7, No.4, 1972 and LIA Vol 8, No.3, 1973
Robinson, Michael, Lincolnshire-made Machines in the Tea Industry [Rustons, Marshalls], LP&P 106, 2016
Stevenson, Peter, Sullivans at Grantham, 1936-47, LP&P 44, 2001
Stevenson, Peter, Marshall's and the Bristol F2B WW2 Fighter, LP&P 84, 2011
Wilson, Catherine, James Coultas of Grantham, in Redmore, K, (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, William Howden and Son of Boston, in Redmore, K (Ed), "Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines", SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford and Sons of Boston, in Redmore, K (Ed), Ploughs, Chaffcutters & Steam Engines, SLHA, 2007
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford Ironworks at Black Sluice, LHA 23, 1988
Wright, Neil R, William Howden & Son, Engineers of Boston, LHA 33, 1998
Wright, Neil R, Tuxford and Sons of Boston: A Family Business, LHA 38, 2003
--, Blackstone Engine at Hereford Waterworks, LP&P 72, 2008

Tuxford (Boston), portable steam engine

Hornsby-Akroyd (Grantham), oil engine

Blackstone (Stamford), EPV4 diesel engine

Lincolnshire is primarily an agricultural county with low population density. The soils, terrain and climate - and the comparative lack of mineral resources - enable a high proportion of the land to be cultivated.

Traditionally the county's farms were mixed, dependent on both cereal growing and animal husbandry. In more recent times livestock numbers have declined and many farms are 100% arable. Land in the fenland area is often more intensely cultivated with vegetable crops.

Following enclosure and the rapid rise in agricultural profitability, many new farmsteads were built in the nineteenth century; relatively few date from early periods.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973)

Books

Mills, Joan and Dennis, Traditional Farmsteads and Farming at Branston, Lincolnshire, Branston History group, 2011
Skehel, Mona, Tales from the Showyard, 200 Years of Agricultural Shows in Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire Agricultural Society, 1999
Squires, Stewart & Wilson, Catherine (Eds), Growing Better: Lincolnshire and the Potato, SLHA, 2011
Wilson, Catherine, Lincolnshire Farm Animals, SLHA 2012

Journal articles and book chapters

Adams, Chris, Rabbits, Sheep, Cows & Four Farmers [Oxcombe], LP&P, 97, 2014
Basquill, Sara, Lincolnshire's Prize Sheep, LP&P 120, 2020
Brook, Shirley, Tale of Two Farmsteads [Coleby, NK], LP&P 71, 2008
Crust, Linda, Beech Farm, Greetham, LP&P 26, 1996
Hair, Eric, Canwick Dovecote, LP&P 74, 2009
Hoare, Douglas, Managing a Farm in the Mid-19th Century [Gedney], LP&P 46, 2002
Jackson, Beryl, Potato Memories [Fens], LP&P 99, 2015
Mills, Dennis, The Small Farm in Victorian Lincolnshire, LP&P 24, 1996
Mills, Dennis, Titus Kime, Entrepreneur of Mareham le Fen, 1848-1931, and the Eldorado Potato Boom of 1903-1904, in Howard, Jean & Start, David "All Things Lincolnshire", SLHA, 2007
Padley, Chris, Peppermint Growing and Distillation [Fenland], LP&P 30, 1997
Redmore, K & Wilson, C M, Whitehaven Farm, Boston Road, Horncastle, LHA 38, 2003
Redmore, Ken, Early Days of Steam-Powered Threshing, LP&P 53, 2003
Redmore, Ken, War Ags in Lincolnshire, LP&P 91, 2014
Tinley, Ruth, Lincoln Corn Exchange, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Towers, Jean, Internal Recesses; Hen Roosts or Bee Boles?, LP&P 64, 2006
Walker, Andrew, The Cattle Market, 1846-1914 [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Monks Road: Lincoln's East End through Time", SOL, 2006
Wilson, Catherine M, Ivy House Farm, East Torrington, LHA 25, 1990
Wilson, Catherine et al, Manor Farm, Langworth, LHA 36, 2001

Moses Farm, Stenigot (early concrete buildings)

Irby on Humber, horse gin

In common with other parts of the country, all Lincolnshire towns and some larger villages had gasworks. The earliest gasworks were built in Stamford (1823); most other works were erected between 1830 and 1870. Many gasworks closed at the time of nationalisation in 1949; others closed (maybe retaining a gasholder for stand-by storage) with the coming of natural gas around 1970.

Some country houses and factories also had equipment for generating gas for lighting, usually coal gas though by the early twentieth century acetylene or petrol/air generators were more common.

Photo: Lincoln Bracebridge Gasworks Retort House

Books and other Sources

Bremner Smith, C & Page Chris, Lincoln's Public Undertakings, LIA Vol 2, No.3, 1967
Clark, A, The Lincoln Gas Light and Coke Company, LIA Vol 4, No.3, 1969
Marks, A T, The County Gas Works Series: Lincolnshire, Author, 2019
Moore, Nicholas, John Thomas Brown Porter and the Gowts Bridge Foundry, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), 'Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s', SOL, 2021
Page, Chris J, The Early History of Electrical Power in Lincoln, LIA Vol 6, Nos. 2 & 3, 1971
Redmore, Ken, Bracebridge Gasworks Event, 1938, LP&P 89, 2012
Redmore, Ken, Lincoln Gasworks in World War One, Lincolnshire Past & Present 103, 2016
Redmore, Ken, The Bracebridge Gasworks, in Walker, A (Ed), "South-East Lincoln", Survey of Lincoln, 2011
Redmore, Ken, Newland Gasworks [Lincoln], The Lincoln Enquirer 25, 2013
Redmore, Ken, Gas Powered Buses in Lincoln, The Lincoln Enquirer 33, 2017
Redmore, Ken, Branston Hall Gasworks, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology, 45, 2010
Roberts, D E, The Grimsby Gas Undertaking, 1836-1949, East Midlands Gas, 1983
Roberts, D E, The Lincoln Gas Undertaking, 1828-1949, East Midlands Gas, 1981
Smith, Joan, From Chaos to Beauty: The Garden of Lincoln Gasworks, Lincolnshire Past & Present 88, 2012
Wilson, Catherine M, Branston Hall Gasworks, Lincolnshire History & Archaeology, 16, 1981
Woodford, L W, The Founding of Sleaford Gas Light Company, 1838-39, LIA, Vol 1, No.4, 1966
Wright, Neil R, Gasworks in Lincolnshire, LIA, Vol 7, No.3, 1972
Wright, Neil R, Boston by Gaslight: A History of the Boston Gas Undertaking since 1825, Richards Kay, 2002

Lincolnshire is well suited to growing barley, especially on the lighter upland soils, and this has led to the widespread development of malting and brewing industries. At one time every town had a least one malt kiln and several were the home to substantial breweries too.

Malt kilns, usually distinctive brick buildings, survive in many locations, in most cases converted for residential, commercial or industrial use. The former Bass maltings at Sleaford (still awaiting development in 2022) is one of Lincolnshire's outstanding industrial monuments.

Generally speaking, brewery buildings are more likely to have been swept away, though there are small breweries still in full working order at Wainfleet and Stamford.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Barlow, Tony, Maltings on Brayford Wharf North, LHA 19, 1984
Betteridge, Stephen, Louth Northgate Maltings, LHA 20, 1985
Birch, Neville, Barnetby Maltkilns, LIA Vol 3, No.1, 1968, LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Cartwright, Adam, Mowbray and Co Ltd, Brewers of Grantham, LHA 49, 2014
Cartwright, Adam, Lincoln's Maltings, in Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City's Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", SOL, 2017
Hickman, Paul, Soft Drink Manufacturing in the Neighbourhood, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre: North of the Witham", SOL, 2015
Hodson, Maurice, Dawber's Brewing and Public House Operations in Lincoln, Waterside South, in Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City's Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", SOL, 2017
Hodson, Maurice, Dawber's Brewery, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SOL, 2008
Lewis, M J T, Hewitts Maltings, Grimsby, LHA 12, 1977
Lyons, N J L, White's Mineral Water Factory, Elwes Street, Brigg, LIA Vol 6, No.1, 1971
Mouncey, G, Sergeant's Brewery, Brigg, LIA Vol 4, No.2, 1969
Page, Chris, Drury Lane Brewery, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's Castle, Bail and Close", SL, 2015
Page, Chris, The Rudgard Family and the Crown Brewery, Waterside South, in Andrew (Ed), "Pubs in Lincoln: A History. The City's Inns, Public Houses, Beerhouses, Breweries and Maltings", SOL, 2017
Ward, Brian, History of Public Houses in Market Rasen, LP&P 86, 2012
White, P R, The Maltings, Grimsby, LIA Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Wilson, C M (Ed), Bass Maltings, Sleaford, LHA 12, 1977
Wilson, C M (Ed), Sergeant's Brewery, Brigg, LHA 13, 1978

Bass Maltings, Sleaford

All Saints Brewery, Stamford

Building Stone

Some of the limestone in the upland area in the western part of the county is excellent building stone, especially at Ancaster and around Stamford, though most quarries are now closed. Lincoln Cathedral has its own historic quarry just north of the city. Inferior sources of limestone, often dug from small shallow pits, have been extensively used for building in the western half of the county.

Other local building stone include chalk, in the central and northern part of the Wolds, and greenstone (Spilsby sandstone), from the southern Wolds. Ironstone has also been used in some areas.

Lime kilns burning local chalk or limestone were located in several part of the county, producing lime for building work and agriculture. Chalk quarried in the northern Wolds has been the raw material for manufacture of whiting and cement.

Ironstone

Deposits of iron ore were worked following the line of the limestone ridge (the Lincoln Edge) from West Halton to Scunthorpe in the north, from Lincoln to Barkston, and on to Harlaxton and Denton to the west of Grantham. To the south of Grantham, the ore was found in the Colsterworth and South Witham area. In addition, there were mines on the western scarp of the Lincolnshire Wolds at Claxby and Nettleton, between Market Rasen and Caistor.

Most working was by opencast methods, but there were no fewer than sixteen locations where the ironstone was mined underground. Opencast quarrying first started in Scunthorpe in 1860 and the first underground mine, at Claxby on the Wolds, went into production in 1868. The last mine closed in 1981, so mining was part of the County's history for 121 years.

Books and other Printed Sources

Abbreviations: LHA - Lincolnshire History and Archaeology; LP&P - Lincolnshire Past & Present;

LIA - IA Group, Lincolnshire Local History Society; NL - SLHA Newsletter; LH - Lincolnshire Historian; SL - Survey of Lincoln

Birch, Neville, and Leverington, J, Claxby Ironstone Mines, LIA Vol 3, No.2, 1968
Birch, Neville (Ed), Sutterby Lime Kiln, LIA Vol 3, No.3, 1968
Brown, I J, Gazetteer of Ironstone Mines in the East Midands: Lincolnshire Section, LIA Vol 6, Nos.2&3, 1971
Czajkowski, Michael, The Kirkstead (Woodhall Spa) Coalfield, LHA 25, 2000
Ford, W. J., Lincolnshire Ironstone, Photographs (of Nettleton), Railway Bylines, Vol 5, Issue 9, August 2000
Gostick, Les, Coal in Lincolnshire [Quarrington], LP&P 50, 2003
Lyons, N J L, A Note on Limekilns, LIA Vol 5, No.2, 1970
Padley, Chris, Coal in Lincolnshire [Claxby], LP&P 51, 2003
Robinson, D N, Nettleton Iron Mine, Lincolnshire Life, April 1971
Squires, Stewart, The Underground Mines of Lincolnshire, in Start, D (Ed), 'All Things Lincolnshire', Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 2007
Squires, Stewart and Russell, Rex, Claxby Ironstone Mine, Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol 34, 1999
Squires, Stewart, Claxby Ironstone Mine, Lincolnshire, Industrial Archaeology Notes, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol 38, 2003
Squires, Stewart, Visit to Nettleton Mines, Lincolnshire Past and Present, No 23, Spring 1996
Squires, Stewart, Nettleton Mines, in Robinson, D N (Ed), 'The Lincolnshire Wolds', Lincolnshire County Council, 2009
Squires, Stewart, The Greetwell Ironstone Mines, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), 'Uphill Lincoln II', Survey of Lincoln, November 2010
Squires, Stewart, The Greetwell Ironstone Mines, Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Vol 45, 2000
Squires, Stewart, Ironstone Mining in the Lincolnshire Wolds, [BOOK] SLHA, 2017
Squires, Stewart, The Walesby Shaft, LHA 42, 2007
Squires, Stewart, Castle Bytham Lime Kiln, LHA 45, 2010
Squires, Stewart, Greetwell Ironstone Quarry [and the Lincoln Bypass], LP&P 125, 2021
Tann, Geoff, Sand and Gravel Extraction, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SL, 2014
Tonks, Eric, The Ironstone Quarries of the Midlands, History, Operation and Railways, Part VIII, South Lincolnshire, 1991, and Part IX, Leicestershire, 1992, [BOOK] Amadeus Press
Turner, John, A Ruston & Hornsby Shale Planer, LHA 23 1988
Upton, M J G, The Appleby Ironstone Mine, Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology, Vol 6, No 4, 1971
Wright, Neil, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry, 1700 to 1914, History of Lincolnshire Committee, SLHA, Volume XI, 1982
Wynn, Peter, Nineteenth Century Chalk Quarrying and Lime Burning in the South-Eastern Lincolnshire Wolds, LHA 50. 2015

Clipsham quarry, near Stamford

Barrow on Humber, disused lime kiln

South Ferriby, cement works

Greetwell, ironstone quarry, 1933

Lincolnshire has a long coastline but few natural harbours of any significance. Nevertheless, several ports have been created on river estuaries. Boston, close to the outfall of the Witham into the Wash, became a significant port in the medieval period but in modern times trade has declined considerably due to the limitation of vessel size on the Haven.

Other ports with good medieval trade were Wainfleet and Saltfleet, both no longer accessible by sea-going vessels. Trade at Grimsby also declined until the huge dock developments for the fishing industry were introduced in the mid-nineteenth century.

Spalding (on the Welland), Sutton Bridge (on the Nene) and Gainsborough (on the Trent) are examples of inland ports that thrived into the twentieth century.

The dock at Immingham on the Humber Estuary, created in 1912, has continued to grow in importance for a range of bulky imports.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); LH = Lincolnshire Historian

Books

Chapman, Peter, Grimsby: The Story of the World's Greatest Fishing Port, Breedon Books, 2002
Clapson, Rodney, A Lincolnshire Shipyard, Barton upon Humber, author, 2014
Crossland, G J & Turner, C E, Immingham, A History of the Deep-Water Port, T&C Publishing, 2006
Day, Nicholas J, Bricks and Sails: The John Franks (1757-1957), Grimsby Museums and Heritage Services, 1995
Jackson, Gordon, Grimsby and the Haven Company, Grimsby Public Libraries, 1971
Kirk, Martin, Ferries Across the Humber, Pen & Sward Transport, 2014
Lewis, M J T and Wright Neil, Boston as a Port, LIA, 1974
Stopper, Mark & Maltby, Roy, Boston Deep Sea Fisheries, Hutton Press, 1995
Taylor, Mike, Shipping on the Humber: The South Bank, Tempus, 2003
Wright, Neil R, Sutton Bridge: An Industrial History, SLHA 2009
--, Port of Grimsby & Immingham, Associated British Ports [publicity booklet], nd
--, Official Opening of Immingham Dock, July 22nd, 1912, [souvenir booklet]

Journal articles and book chapters

Almond, John, The Grand Sluice, Boston, LP&P 105, 2016
Birch, Neville, The Sloop "Annie", LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Crabtree, Andrew, Gainsborough Riverside Walk, LP&P 48, 2002
Craven, E, Lincoln Shipwrights, LIA Vol 8, No.3, 1973
Elder, Eileen, Ship-wrecked on the Lincolnshire Coast, LP&P 14, 1993
Gillett, E, Grimsby and the Haven Company, LH No.10, 1952
Hallett, Gladys C, The Smackbuilders of Grimsby, LP&P 6, 1991
Kirkham, Betty et al, Floods on the East Coast, 1953 [Sutton on Sea], LP&P 51, 2003
Redmore, Ken, Sutton Bridge Dock, LHA 48, 2013
Robinson, David, Putting into Port in "Lincolnshire on the Move", SLHA, 2005
Waddington, H S, Towers and Hydraulic Installations at Grimsby Docks, LHA 15, 1980
Waddington, H S, New Holland Pier, LHA 17, 1982
Waddington, H S, Industrial Archaeology Visit to Humber Ports, LN 60 and 61, 1989
Wheeler, Rob, Boston Harbour Dues, Oats, Coal and the Budget of 1831, LHA 51, 2016
White, P R, The Riverhead at Grimsby, LIA Vol 3, No.4, 1968
Wilson, C M (Ed), Clapson's Boatyard, Barton upon Humber, LHA 12, 1976
Wilson, John, Recruiting Immingham Docks Police 1916, LP&P 22, 1995
Wright, Neil R, Old Warehouses of Boston, LIA Vol 1, No.2, 1966
Wright, Neil R, Great Grimsby: A Town of Fishermen, LHA 21 1986

Grimsby Dock Tower

Spiller's flour mill, Gainsborough

This is a relatively small section and only two topics are mentioned here by way of introduction: RAF Stenigot was part of the Chain Home radar system of the Second World War; and a number of what may be generally described as electronics companies have been based in Lincoln and to a lesser extent in other Lincolnshire towns.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Hopcroft, David, Humber Radio [Trusthorpe], LP&P 79. 2010
Lester, Chris, The ACE HIGH communications Station at former RAF Stenigot, LHA 32, 1997
Lester, Chris J, RAF Stenigot Chain Home Radar Station, LP&P 30, 1997
Osborne, Mike, Defending Lincolnshire: A Military History from Conquest to Cold War, The History Press, 2010
Redmore, Ken & Lester, Chris J, Charles Booth and Telstar, LP&P 85, 2011
Smith, Colin, West End High-Tech Industry, in Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's West End", SL, 2008
Smith, Colin, Electronic Manufacturer in Lincoln to the 1980s and beyond, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Squires, Stewart, Empire Wireless Communication [Tetney, Burgh le Marsh], LP&P 10, 1993
Stevenson, Peter, The Ether: Early Days of the Wireless, LP&P 85, 2011
Stevenson, Peter, Telegraph Poles, LP&P 107, 2017
--, Radio Bungalows at Trusthorpe, LP&P 73, 2008

Carlton Scroop, repeater station, Cold War microwave communications system

The first railway line in the County reached Lincoln, from Nottingham via Newark, in 1846. Within three years there were no less than 200 miles of line; by 1877 487 miles, 75% of the subsequent total, had been built. It was 1913 when the last part of the public network was completed, the route through Coningsby, Tumby Woodside, New Bolingbroke, Stickney and Midville. All that was built afterwards were the military lines to RAF Cranwell and to the army camp at Belton Park, both during the First World War, plus those to serve the needs of ironstone mining, mainly to the south and west of Grantham.

At the height of the railway age very few Lincolnshire villages were more than five miles from a station. The railway opened up tremendous opportunities - for employment, cheap travel and the transport of essential goods.

Railway closures are usually attributed to Dr Beeching and his 1963 report. In fact the rundown had started long before then. Passenger services were discontinued between Scunthorpe and Whitton in 1925, between Sleaford and Bourne in 1930 and on the Axholme Joint Railway in 1933. 1939 saw the closure of the branch to Spilsby and passengers could no longer travel between Bardney and Louth after 1951. The most significant national closure was that of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway, which had its western end in Lincolnshire, in 1959.

As street tramways were the urban equivalent of the railway this reading list also includes those at Lincoln, Grimsby and Cleethorpes.

Lincoln St Mark's Station

St Mark's Station, Lincoln
The earliest station in the county

Brocklesby Station

Books and other sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); LWRS = Lincolnshire Wolds Railway Society; SOL = Survey of Lincoln

A. LINCOLNSHIRE LINES, ROUTES and LOCATIONS

Books

Back, Michael, Branch Lines Around Spalding, M&GN Saxby to Long Sutton, Middleton Press, 2009
Back, Michael, Country Railway Routes, Peterborough to King's Lynn, Part of the M&GN, Middleton Press, 2008
Beckwith, Ian, The History of Transport and Travel in Gainsborough, Gainsborough Urban District Council, 1971
Booth, A J, Peat Railways of Thorne and Hatfield Moors, Industrial Railway Society, 1998
Brown, Gordon H, Firsby, Portrait of a Country Junction, Published by the author, 1994
Brown, Guy F, Leo's World, Leo Publishing, 2005. (stationmaster at Stickney and at Ulceby)
Cartwright, Adam & Stephen Walker, Boston: A Railway Town (part 1), KMS Books, 1987
Cossey, Frank, Grantham and Railways, BG Publications, 1983
Dow, George, Alford and Sutton Tramway, The Author, 1984
Franks, D L, The Stamford and Essendine Railway, Turntable Enterprises, 1971
Goode, C T, The Great Northern & Great Eastern Joint Railway (March to Doncaster), The Author, 1989
Hartley, K E, The Lincolnshire Coast Light Railway, LCLR, 1970
Henshaw, Alfred, The Great Northern Railway in the East Midlands, Nottingham - Grantham, Bottesford - Newark, Melton Mowbray, The Leicester Line and Ironstone Branches, RCTS, 2003
Judge, CW, The Axholme Joint Railway including The Goole & Marshland Light Railway and the Isle of Axholme Light Railway, Oakwood Press, 1994
Longbone, Bryan, Steam and Steel, An Illustrated History of Scunthorpe's Railways, Irwell Press, 1996
Ludlam, A J and Herbert, W B, The Louth to Bardney Branch, Oakwood Press, Second Edition, 1987
Ludlam, A J, Railways to New Holland and the Humber Ferries, Oakwood Press, 1996
Ludlam, A J, Railways to Skegness including Kirkstead to Little Steeping, Oakwood Press, 1997
Ludlam, A J, The East Lincolnshire Railway, Oakwood Press, 1991
Ludlam, A J, The Horncastle and Woodhall Junction Railway, Oakwood Press, 1986
Ludlam, A J, The Lincolnshire Loop Line and the River Witham, Oakwood Press, 1995
Ludlam, A J, The Louth, Mablethorpe and Willoughby Loop, Oakwood Press, 1987
Ludlam, A J, The RAF Cranwell Railway, Oakwood Press, 1988
Ludlam, A J, The Spilsby to Firsby Railway, Oakwood Press, 1985
Ludlam, A J, Trains to the Lincolnshire Seaside: Mablethorpe, LWRS, 2014
Ludlam, A J, Trains to the Lincolnshire Seaside: Skegness, LWRS, 2014
Ludlam, A J, Trains to the Lincolnshire Seaside: Cleethorpes, LWRS, 2014
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Grimsby, LWRS, 2016
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Lincoln, LWRS, 2017
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Immingham, LWRS, 2016
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Grantham, LWRS, 2018
Ludlam, A J, A Lincolnshire Railway Centre: Louth, LWRS, 2014
Ludlam, A J, Branch Lines of East Lincolnshire: Louth to Bardney, LWRS, 2015
Ludlam, A J, Branch Lines of East Lincolnshire: Firsby to Spilsby, LWRS, 2015
Ludlam, A J, Branch Lines of East Lincolnshire: Woodhall Junction to Horncastle, LWRS, 2015
Pearson, R E, and Ruddock, J G, Lord Willoughby's Railway, The Edenham Branch, Willoughby Memorial Trust, 1986
Priestly, Stephen & Watson, Neil, Boston's Railway Heritage, privately published, 2021
Rhodes, John, Bourne to Saxby, KMS Books, 1989
Rhodes, John, Bourne to Essendine, KMS Books, 1986
Rhodes, John, Great Northern Branch Lines to Stamford, KMS Books, 1988
Rhodes, John, The Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway, Ian Allan Ltd, 1982
Ruddock, J G and Pearson, R E, The Railway History of Lincoln, J Ruddock and Partners, 1974
Squires, Stewart and Hollamby, Ken, Building a Railway, Bourne to Saxby, Lincoln Record Society and SLHA, 2009
Squires, Stewart E, The Lincoln to Grantham Line via Honington, Oakwood Press, 1996
Stennett, Alan, The Railway its Builders Didn't Want [Sleaford to Bourne], author, 2020
Vanns, Michael A, The Railways of Newark on Trent, Oakwood Press, 1999
Walker, Colin, Trails of Steam, Volume 6 - Trails through Grantham, Oxford Publishing Co, 1979. (photographs)
Walker, Stephen, Firsby to Wainfleet & Skegness, KMS Books, 1987
Walker, Stephen, The New Line, Kirkstead to Little Steeping including Lincoln to Skegness, KMS Books, 1985
Ward, Brian, A History of Market Rasen Railway Station, Rase Heritage Society and the Market Rasen Station Adoption Group. 2012
Wright, Neil R, The Railways of Boston, their origins and development, History of Boston Series Number 4, 1971

Articles and Book Chapters

Barton, B M J, Stamp End Railway Bridge, Lincoln, LHA 33, 1998
Betteridge, Stephen J, Lincoln, St Marks Station, LHA Volume 20, 1985
Birch, Neville, Railway Crossings [Lincoln], in Hill, P R (Ed), Wigford: Historic Lincoln South of the River, SOL, 2000
Birch, Neville, Lincoln celebrates 150 years of Railways, in LP&P No 25, Autumn 1996
Boyce, Douglas, Market Rasen: The Coming of the Railway, LP&P 33, 1998
Cartwright, Adam, The Arrival of the Railways [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "George Boole's Lincoln, 1815-49", SOL, 2019
Chambers, J I, St Marks Station, Lincoln: an architectural comment, LIA Volume VII, Number 1, 1972
Cossey, F, Cowbit Station, LIA Volume III, Number 1, p9, 1968
Cossey, Frank, Lincoln Central Station, LIA Volume II, Number 1, p3, January 1967
George, Beryl, The Folly of our Forefathers: The High Street Level Crossings [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Jepsom, D M, Belton Park Military Railway, LIA Volume IV, Number 1, p10, January 1969
Knapp, Malcolm, Grantham; Dysart Road Railway Bridge, LHA Volume 15, 1980
Lewis, Gerald A, Counter Drain Railway Bridge, Deeping St Nicholas, LHA 17, 1982
Mills Dennis, The People of Branston in 1881 and the Building of the Railway, LP&P 116, 2019
Moore, Nick, A Delightful Find: Leadenham on the Lincoln to Honington Railway, LP&P 106, 2016
Page, C J, On the Railway between Lincoln and Saxilby, LIA Volume V, Number 1, p10, January 1970
Raines, David, Railway Footbridges, South Common, Lincoln, LHA Volume 39, 2004
Raines, David, Wragby Station Building, LHA Volume 41, 2006
Sleaford U3A Group, Wragby Railway Goods Yard, LHA 47, 2012
Squires, Stewart E, A Railway Remembered, (M&GN), in Lincolnshire Life, December 1989
Squires, Stewart, Donington on Bain - The Second Platform. LHA 48, 2013
Squires, Stewart, The Saga of Bardney Station, Back Track, Vol 35, No. 9, 2021
Sturman, Christopher, Laying the Foundation Stone of Louth Railway Station, LP&P No 21, Autumn 1995
Turland, Michael, Railway Building in 1881, LP&P No 64, Summer 2006
Waite, R L, Firsby Junction, signals, LIA Volume IV, Number 4, p61, November 1969
Wheeler, Rob, St Mark's Station [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
White, P R, and Tye, A, Waterways & Railways in Barton and New Holland, LIA, c.1970
Wright, N R, East Lincolnshire Railway; Crossing Keepers' Cottages, LHA Volume 13, 1978
Wright, Neil, Boston Locomotive Depot, LIA Volume III, Number 4, p1, 1968
Wright, Neil and Birch, Maureen, Boston Tour, LIA Volume II, Number 2, p4, April 1967

B. LINCOLNSHIRE COUNTYWIDE and AREAS OF THE COUNTY

Anderson, Paul, Railways of Lincolnshire, Irwell Press, 1992
Anderson, Paul, Lincolnshire Railway Memories, Irwell Press, 2007
Ashforth, Philip J, Bendall, Ian, Plant, Ken, Industrial Railways & Locomotives of Lincolnshire and Rutland, Industrial Railway Society, 2010
Bates, Chris, and Bairstow, Martin, Railways in North Lincolnshire, Martin Bairstow, 2005
Bennett, Patrick, Lincolnshire Railways, Amberely, 2021
Bennett, Stewart and Bennett Nicholas, An Historical Atlas of Lincolnshire, University of Hull Press, 1993, Railways and Docks, pp 112/3
Garraway Allan, Garraway Father and Son, Middleton Press, 1985. (Includes time spent working in Lincolnshire)
Garrod, Trevor, Lincolnshire by Rail, Railway Development Society, Lincolnshire Branch, 1985
Goode, C T, The Railways of North Lincolnshire, The Author, 1985
Griffiths, Roger and Hooper, John, Great Northern Railway Engine Sheds, Volume 1, Southern Area, Irwell Press, 2001. (Includes Grantham, Stamford, Holbeach, Bourne and Spalding)
Griffiths, Roger and Hooper, John, Great Northern Railway Engine Sheds, Volume 2, The Lincolnshire Loop, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Irwell Press, 1996. (Includes Boston, Boston Sleeper Depot, Gainsborough, Horncastle, Lincoln, Louth, Mablethorpe Sleaford, Spilsby and Wainfleet)
Hill, Roger, and Vessey, Carey, British Railways Past and Present, 27, Lincolnshire, Past and Present Publishing, 1995
Hurst, Geoffrey, Great Central East of Sheffield, Volume 1, Milepost Publications 1989
King, P K and Hewins, D R, The Railways Around Grimsby, Cleethorpes, Immingham and North East Lincolnshire, Foxline Publishing, 1988
King, Paul, The Railways of North East Lincolnshire, Part 1, The Engine Sheds and their Allocations, Pyewipe Publications, 2018
King, Paul, The Railways of North East Lincolnshire, Part 2, Stations, Pyewipe Publications, 2019
King, Paul, The Railways of North East Lincolnshire, Part 3, More than Railways, Pyewipe Publications, 2020
King, Paul, The Railways of North East Lincolnshire, Part 4, Comforts and Fish, Pyewipe Publications, 2022
King, Paul, The Railways of North East Lincolnshire, Part 5, The World beyond Wrawby, Pyewipe Publications, 2022
Padley, Chris, Laying Down the Lines, pp59-66 in Lincolnshire on the Move, Editors Jean Howard and Chris Lester, SLHA, 2005
Squires, Stewart E, The Lincolnshire Potato Railways, Oakwood Press, 2005 Second Edition
Squires, Stewart, Lincolnshire Railways, Lincolnshire Books, 1998
Squires, Stewart E, The Lost Railways of Lincolnshire, Castlemead Publications, 1988
Stennett, Alan, Lost Railways of Lincolnshire, Countryside Books, 2007
Stennett, Alan, Lincolnshire Railways, Crowood Press, 2016
Stennett, Alan, East Lincolnshire's Lost Railways, LWRS, 2020
Tonks, Eric, The Ironstone Quarries of the Midlands, History, Operation and Railways, Part VIII, South Lincolnshire, Runpast Publishing, 1991
Walker, Stephen, Great Northern Branch Lines in Lincolnshire, KMS Books, 1984
Wright, Neil, 2016: Railway Anniversary [170 years of Lincolnshire railways], LP&P 103, 2016

C. REGIONAL BOOKS and OTHER BOOKS WITH LINCOLNSHIRE CONTENT

Anderson, P Howard, Forgotten Railways, The East Midlands, David and Charles, 1973
Anderson, P. Howard, Regional Railway Handbooks No 1, The East Midlands, David and Charles, 1986
Balfour, G, The Armoured Train, its development and usage, Batsford, 1981
Bolger, Paul, BR Steam Motive Power Depots Eastern Region, Book Law Publications, 2009
Bradshaw's July 1922 Railway Guide, New Edition, Guild Publishing, 1985. (Timetables)
Brodribb, John, LNER Country Stations, Ian Allan, 1988
Clinker, C R, Clinkers Register of Closed Passenger Stations and Goods Depots in England, Scotland and Wales 1830-1980, Avon-Anglia Publications, 1988
Crowther, G L, National Atlas showing Canals, Navigable Rivers, Mineral Tramroads, Railways and Street Tramways, Volume 6 Lincolnshire and East Anglia, GL Crowther, 1986
Gammell, C J, LNER Branch Lines, OPC, 1993
Gordon, D I, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, Volume 5, Eastern Counties, David and Charles, 1968
Hewlett, H B, The Quarries, Ironstone, Limestone and Sand, Market Overton Industrial Railway Association, 1979 (first published 1935)
Joby, R S, Forgotten Railways, Volume 7, East Anglia, David and Charles, 1985
Jones, Robin, Beeching, The Inside Track, Mortons Media Group, 2012
Leleux, Robin, A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, Volume 9, The East Midlands, David and Charles, 1984
Welbourn, Nigel, Lost Lines Eastern, Ian Allan, 1995

D. RAILWAY COMPANIES WITH LINES IN LINCOLNSHIRE

Booth, Chris, The Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway, Volume 2, Langwith Junction to Lincoln and the proposed route to Sutton on Sea, Fonthill, 2018
Clark, Ronald H, A short History of the Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway, Goose and Son, 1967
Cupit, J and Taylor, J, The Lancashire, Derbyshire & East Coast Railway, Oakwood Press, 1966
Dickenson, M J, The Short Term Effects of the GNR on the Economy of south west Kesteven 1850-1852, in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, Volume 6, 1971
Digby, Nigel J L, A Guide to the Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway, Ian Allan, 1993
The District Controllers View, the Midland and Great Northern Joint, Xpress Publishing, 2009
Dow, George, Great Central Volume I, The Progenitors 1813-1863, Locomotive Publishing, 1959
Dow, George, Great Central Volume II, Dominion of Watkin 1864-1899, Locomotive Publishing, Second Edition 1967
Dow, George, Great Central Volume III, Fay Sets the Pace 1900-1922, Ian Allan, 1965
Essery, Bob, The Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway and its Locomotives, Lightmoor Press, 2009
Franks, D L, Great Northern and London & North Western Joint Railway, Turntable Enterprises, 1964. (includes Grantham to Leicester train service)
Nock, O S, The Great Northern Railway, Ian Allan, 1958
Wrottesley, John, The Great Northern Railway, Volume I, Origins and Development, Batsford, 1979
Wrottesley, John, The Great Northern Railway, Volume II, Expansion and Competition, Batsford, 1979
Wrottesley, John, The Great Northern Railway, Volume III, Twentieth Century to Grouping, Batsford, 1981

E. BOOKS OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH LINCOLNSHIRE EXAMPLES

Anderson, V R and Fox, G K, A Pictorial Record of Midland Railway Architecture, Oxford Publishing Co, 1985
Beckett, MD and Hemnell, D R, M&GN in Action, Becknell Books, 1981
Beckett, MD and Hemnell, D R, M&GN in Focus, Becknell Books, 1980
Burgess Neil, Lincolnshire's Lost Railways, Stenlake Publishing, 2007
Clark, Ronald H, Scenes from the Midland & Great Northern Railway, Moorland Publishing, 1978.
Croft, Eric, Lincolnshire Railway Stations on old picture postcards, Reflections of a Bygone Age, 1993.
Croft, Eric, Railways in Lincolnshire on old picture postcards, Reflections of a Bygone Age, 2010,
Greening, David, Steam in the East Midlands, Becknell Books, 1982
Herbert, W B, and Robinson, D N, Lincolnshire Railways in Camera Volume One, Quotes Limited, 1986
Lambert, Anthony J, East Midlands Branch Line Album, Ian Allan Ltd, 1978.
Wells, P H, Steam in the East Midlands, Ian Allan Ltd, 1985.

F. LINCOLNSHIRE TRAMWAYS

Bett, Wingate Henry, Gillham, J C, Price, John Horace, Tramways of the East Midlands, Light Railway Transport League, 1979
Hodson, Maurice, High Street to Bracebridge for One Penny: Lincoln's Trams, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Lucas, William Harold, Memories of Grimsby and Cleethorpes Transport, Turntable Publications, 1974
Oppitz, Leslie, Tramways Remembered East Anglia, East Midlands and Lincolnshire, Countryside Books, 1992
Price, J H, The Tramways of Grimsby, Immingham & Cleethorpes, Light Rail Transit Association, undated
Robinson, David N, Lincolnshire Tramways in Camera, Quotes Ltd, 1991
Squires, Stewart, Country House Tramways: Belton House, Harlaxton Manor and Stoke Rochford, LHA 47, 2012
Unknown, A Tramway between Brigg and Lincoln, LP&P No 20, Summer 1995
Unknown, The Tramways of South Yorkshire & Humberside, Light Railway Transport League, nd

G. OTHER ASPECTS OF RAILWAYS IN LINCOLNSHIRE

Ashberry, Jez, Lincoln University Library - The Great Central Warehouse, LP&P No 62, Winter 2006/7
Birch, N C, Barnetby Maltings, in LIA Volume V, Number 1, p14, January 1970
Birch, N C, The Great Northern Hotel and Stables, Lincoln, LIA Volume IV, Number 3, p47, August 1969
Neller, Ruth, Skegness: A History of Railway Excursions, LHA 46, 2011
Padley, Chris, The Lady and the Engine Driver [Barnetby], LP&P 94, 2014
Page, Chris, Boultham Sidings [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SL, 2014
Ruddock, J G and Pearson, R E, Clayton Wagons Ltd, J Ruddock Ltd, 1989
Squires, Stewart, Sack Hire and the railways (Chapter 3.1); Potato Railways (Chapter 5.1); Fish and Chips (Chapter 6) in Growing Better: Lincolnshire and the Potato, Edited by Squires, Stewart and Wilson, Catherine, SLHA, 2011
Squires, Stewart, Evedon Siding and the Slea Navigation, LHA 44, 2009
Squires, Stewart, Steppingstone Bridge, Spalding, LHA 46, 2011
Squires, Stewart, Woodhall Junction Urinal, LHA 46, 2011
Squires, Stewart, How did Twenty get its Name?, LP&P 122, 2020
Vanns, Michael A, An Illustrated History of Great Northern Railway Signalling, OPC, 2000
Waddington, H S, Barnetby, Re-use of stone sleepers, LHA Volume 23, 1988
Wall, Tony, Stone Sleepers at Lincoln, St Marks Station, LHA Volume 19, 1984
Wright, Neil, A Railway Tease (a hoax advert for a railway project in 1845), LP&P No 38, Winter 1999/2000
Wright, Neil R, Lincolnshire Towns and Industry 1700 - 1914, History of Lincolnshire Committee, 1982

Stewart Squires, 2013

Like most counties, Lincolnshire has a few ancient trackways and drove roads which are still discernible today.

Two major Roman roads entered the county: the Fosse Way and Ermine Street, which are followed closely by today's A46 (south of Lincoln) and A15 respectively. Small stretches of Roman road can also be traced in roads and bridle ways in various parts of the county.

As elsewhere in England, turnpike trusts were created in the second half of the eighteenth century and the county's towns became linked by an improved road network.

Motorways of the modern era have generally by-passed the county. The exception is the M180 which runs westwards from Grimsby via Scunthorpe towards the North Midlands and Yorkshire. The A1, crossing the south-west corner of the county, close by Stamford and Grantham, is the only other major modern road that enters Lincolnshire.

Lincolnshire has an interesting range of bridges, though few are of national standing. Small medieval packhorse bridges survive wholly or in part at West Rasen, Scredington and Utterby.

The masonry bridge over the Trent at Gainsborough dates from 1790, and there are several iron bridges, in various styles, built in the 1830s, crossing the Ancholme. Two graceful cast iron footbridges, slightly earlier in date, are found north of Boston across the Maud Foster drain.

Three twentieth-century bridges are worthy of mention: the Scherzer rolling lift bridge over the Trent at Keadby (1912-16); Nunn's Bridge over a drain at Fishtoft, Britain's first pre-stressed concrete bridge (1947); and the Humber Bridge at Barton, the world's longest span suspension bridge when built (1981).

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

ROADS

Birch, Neville, Stamford's Industrial Past: An Untold Story, (Book) SLHA, 2021
Birch, Neville, Some of Grimsby's Carriers, LIA Vol 6, Nos.2&3, 1971
Bower, David, Lost Roads of Lincoln, LP&P 83, 2011
Clapson, Rodney & Stockdale, Darren, Roads, Coaches and Carriers of Barton before 1900, Fathom Writers Press, 2009
Driver, P, The Turnpike Roads of the Algarkirk, Fosdyke and Sutterton Area, LIA Vol 1, No.3, 1966
Downs, Angela, Toll Bar Keeper on the Turnpike [Brigg], LP&P 99, 2015
Downs, Angela, Toll Bar Keeper, John Farrow [Wragby], LP&P 102, 2015
Hardy, John, Reminiscences of the Open Road: Tricycling to London with John Fowler, LHA 45, 2010
Hewis, Chris, The A57 from Saxilby to Dunham, LP&P 88, 2012
Hunt, W M, The Promotion of Tattershall Bridge and the Sleaford to Tattershall Turnpike, LHA 31, 1996
Squires, Stewart, Dickens and Lincolnshire Roads, LP&P 87, 2012
Surry, Nigel, Traffic on a Lincolnshire Road 1838-39: Newstead Toll Bar, LIA Vol 4, No.4, 1969
White P R, Roads Replace Railways, in Mills, Dennis R (Ed), "Twentieth Century Lincolnshire", SLHA, 1989
White, P R, Brigg Turnpike Trust in the Early Years, LIA Vol 5, No.1, 1970
Wright, Neil R, Paving the Way, in Lester, Chris & Howard, Jean (Eds), "Lincolnshire on the Move", SLHA, 2005
Wright, Neil R, Transport in the Wolds, in Robinson, David N, "The Lincolnshire Wolds", Windgather Press, 2009

BRIDGES

Barton, Barry, Bridging the Gap, in Lester, Chris & Howard, Jean (Eds), "Lincolnshire on the Move", SLHA, 2005
Barton, Barry, Tattershall Bridge, LHA 32, 1997
Barton, Barry, Uffington Bridge - a Conundrum, LP&P 12, 1993
Barton, Barry, Bishopbridge, West Rasen, LP&P 13, 1993
Birch, Neville (Ed), Lincoln's Bridges: A Survey, LIA Vol 4, No.1, 1969
Hodson, Maurice, Four Bridges and Sincil Dyke, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Hunt, W M, The Promotion of Tattershall Bridge and the Sleaford to Tattershall Turnpike, LHA 31, 1996
Lester, C J, Horkstow Bridge: The Chain Anchorages, LHA 39, 2004
Lewis, M J T, Horkstow Bridge, LIA Vol 8, No.1, 1973
Lewis, M J T, Thoughts on the Roman Bridge at Lincoln, LHA 47, 2012
Lewis, M J T, Dunham Bridge: A Memorial History, (Book) SLHA, 1978
Page, Chris, The High Bridge [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre: North of the Witham", SOL, 2015
Robinson, David, Lincolnshire Boats and Bridges in Camera, (Book) Quotes Limited, 1989
Sheehan, N J, Newstead Bridge, Stamford, LP&P 118, 2019
Squires, Stewart, River Trent Bridge, Gainsborough, LP&P 64, 2006
Squires, Stewart, Bridges in the Neighbourhood [South-East Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Squires, Stewart, The Brayford Bridges, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Brayford Pool: Lincoln's Waterfront through Time", SOL, 2012
Wilkinson, Alan J, Bishopbridge stone plinth, LP&P 14, 1993
Wilson, C M (Ed), Stamp End Lock Footbridge, LHA 12, 1976
Wilson, C M (Ed), Tattershall Bridge, LHA 13, 1978
Wright, Neil R, The Iron Bridges of Boston, LIA Vol 7, No.1, 1972

West Rasen, packhorse bridge, 14th century

Horkstow, suspension bridge, 1834

Barton-upon-Humber, Humber Bridge, 1981

This topic embraces lamp posts, direction posts, street name signs, milestones, drain covers, inspection covers, bollards, railings, pillar boxes, phone boxes, letter boxes, house number plates, boot scrapers, benches and other permanent features of town streets and country roads or added to the 'public face' of buildings.

Some of these items are one-offs and were made locally, but generally the design of street furniture became standardised in the nineteenth century and sizeable firms were responsible for the manufacture of these elements of the street scene.

In Lincolnshire several iron founders specialised in products ranging from drain covers to street signs. Richard Duckering's castings can be found throughout Lincoln, home of his foundry, and also in streets in many parts of the county.

Other nineteenth-century manufacturers of note include Thomas Gibson (Stamford), James Coultas (Grantham), E H Smith (Brigg), Fowler & Holden (Grimsby), W Rainforth (Lincoln), F Grounsell (Louth) and C S Peatfield (Market Rasen). Many other names - iron founders, builders and local authorities - are also cast in inspection covers and similar items.

In the twentieth century local firms producing castings for street furniture include Kesteven Castings (Caythorpe), Beevor Foundry (Lincoln), Rundle (New Bolingbroke) and Scunthorpe Foundry.

Books and other sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973), SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Birch, Neville, An 1857 Letter Box at Gosberton, LIA Vol 6, No.1, 1971
Carroll, Ray, Lincolnshire Roads and Road Signs, LP&P 85, 2011
Duckering, Mark, Richard Duckering of Lincoln, in Redmore Ken (Ed), 'Ploughs, Chaffcutters and Steam Engines', SLHA, 2007
Duckering, Mark, Duckering's Iron Foundry, 1845-1962, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Healey, Hilary, Cast Iron Milestones, LP&P 13, 1993
Healey, Hilary, Milestones at Fosdyke, LP&P 46, 2002
Healey, Hilary, Lincolnshire Letter Boxes, LP&P 56, 2004
Knight, Michael, Lincolnshire's Milestones: Heritage Worth Preserving, LP&P 114, 2018
Lester, Chris, Guidepost at Branston Mere, LP&P 46, 2002
Rundle, Alan, John H Rundle of New Bolingbroke, in Redmore Ken (Ed), 'Ploughs, Chaffcutters and Steam Engines', SLHA, 2007
Start, David, Road Signs in Lincolnshire, LP&P 58, 2005
Ward, Arthur, Local Street Furniture Made in Lincoln, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SOL, 2021
Wilson, Catherine, Street Furniture of Motherby Hill, Lincoln, LHA 15, 1980

Wheelwrights were to be found in the towns and larger villages and were usually small businesses mostly engaged in repair work and small projects. Some grew to become makers of fine carts and wagons (and in some instances moffreys) and others, like Hayes (Stamford) and Esberger (Louth) became noted carriage makers.

Several Lincolnshire towns were home to cycle making businesses in the last two decades of the nineteenth century and some of these went on to make motorcycles on a modest scale. Baines (Gainsborough), Lincoln Elk (Lincoln) and Elswick Hopper (Barton) were the most notable firms.

Cars of reasonable quality were made by Pick (Stamford), Kendall (Grantham), Rose (Gainsborough), Lloyd (Grimsby), Richardson (Saxilby) and Ruston (Lincoln). Racing cars of national significance (ERA, BRM) were made in or near Bourne.

Other motor vehicles made in Lincolnshire included buses by Rainforth (Lincoln) and Thompson (Louth); dumper trucks by Aveling Barford (Grantham); and lorries by Clayton Wagons (Lincoln).

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SL = Survey of Lincoln

Carts, Wagons and Carriages

Birch, Neville, Brownlow's Carriage Works, Grantham, LIA Vol 6, No.4, 1971
Cartwright, Adam, Rainforths of LIncoln, LHA 45, 2010
Cooke, Hugh, John Cooke and Sons of Lincoln, in Redmore, Ken (Ed), 'Ploughs, Chaff Cutters and Steam Engines', SLHA 2007
Cox, Ralph, Hayes & Son, [catalogue, c.1867], Stamford Properties Ltd, 1970
Key, Michael, A Century of Coachbuilding [Hayes of Stamford], Paul Watkins, 1990
Stevenson Peter, Grantham: An Industrial trail [Boyall's coachworks], SLHA, 2007

Bicycles and Motorcycles

Basquill, Sara, Objects of Life: The Lincoln Elk [motorcycle], LP&P 122, 2020
Land, Nigel, Elswick Hopper of Barton-upon-Humber, Fathom Writers Press, 2010
Land, Nigel, Barton Cycle Works: 1880-1900, in Bryant, G F and Land Nigel 'Bricks, Tiles and Bicycles in Barton before 1900', Barton WEA, 2007
Pullen, Stephen, The Motor Makers of Lincolnshire, Vol 1 (motorcycles, cars and lorries), Tucann, 2007

Cars, Lorries and Buses

Brooks, Gordon, Motor Car Manufacturers of Lincolnshire: 1. Pick Motor Cars, LIA Vol 5, No.2, 1970
Brooks, Gordon, Motor Car Manufacturers of Lincolnshire: 2. Lincoln Motor Cars, LIA Vol 5, No.4, 1970
Carle, Annabel, Lincoln Motor Manufacturing Company, LP&P 73, 2008
Carle, Annabel et al, The Story of FE1, First Registration Number, LP&P 75, 2009
Carle, Annabel et al, From Penny Farthing to Daimler, LP&P 76, 2009
Carle, Annabel et al, Gilbert & Son and Richardson, LP&P 78, 2010
Cartwright, Adam, Rainforths of Lincoln, LHA 45, 2010
Hunt, Abigail, Ruston's c.1900-1945: Planes, Trains and Automobiles, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's Engineering Industries, A Concise History, c.1780-1980s", SL, 2021
Key, Michael, Pick of Stamford, Paul Watkins, 1994
McGregor, Michael, Raymond Mays of Bourne, author, 1994
Padley, Chris, De Dion Bouton Car [Market Rasen], LP&P 80, 2010
Pullen, Stephen, Hair's Haulage History, LP&P 79, 2010
Pullen, Stephen, The Motor Makers of Lincolnshire, Vol 1 (motorcycles, cars and lorries), Tucann, 2007
Redmore, Ken & George, Beryl, Unusual Building in Louth: F M Thompson, Coachbuilders, LP&P 106, 2016
Wall, Tony, Building the Bangers and Boneshakers in 'Lincolnshire on the Move', SLHA, 2005

South Lincolnshire wagon, (Doddington Hall Collection)

Elswick Cycles, Barton-upon-Humber

Ruston open tourer model 'Twenty', 1923

With an average annual rainfall of only 640 mm (25 inches), Lincolnshire is one of the driest areas of the country, and water supplies are limited. During the early years many settlements were located along the "spring lines" of the limestone escarpment of the Lincolnshire Heathlands and the chalk Wolds where there was good access to a clean water supply. The lower lying settlements relied mainly on the underground sands and river gravels into which shallow wells - possibly with hand-operated pumps - were sunk.

During the Roman period the uphill area of Lincoln was supplied from a spring about 2 kms to the north-east from where water was transferred uphill (by a means not fully understood). During the medieval period, monasteries and abbeys in the county developed their own water supplies. At Lincoln, Grantham and Stamford, these were extended to public conduits (masonry constructed draw-off points) for use by the local population.

The growth of heavy industry in the nineteenth century and corresponding increases in the urban population, brought the need for larger piped water supplies. New sources, often from further afield, were developed for towns such as Lincoln (at Boultham), Grimsby (Littlecoates), Boston (Revesby), Grantham (Saltersford), Horncastle (Cawkwell), Louth (Hubbards Hill).

Many of these new schemes involved the construction of reservoirs, sand filters, storage tanks, and the installation of steam pumping equipment, together with the laying of long lengths of pipelines. In the countryside at this time, many of the larger farmsteads had waterwheels or hydraulically operated ram pumps installed to lift water from streams and water courses.

During the twentieth century, local water supply systems were developed to meet increasing demand and to improve water quality. Following the typhoid outbreak in Lincoln in 1904/05, a new water supply was obtained from the sandstone boreholes at Elkesley in Nottinghamshire. During the 1960s, new water supply schemes were commissioned at Covenham and Cadney / Elsham to meet the needs of the fast-growing industries along the Humber Bank. In the 1980s a new supply was sourced from limestone boreholes at West Pinchbeck for Boston.

By the mid-1960s, all Lincolnshire settlements were connected to the public water supply system, except for a few isolated farmsteads which still operated their own private systems. Apart from the surface water supplies from Covenham (for Grimsby), Elsham (Scunthorpe) and Saltersford (Grantham), all drinking water supplies were obtained from underground aquifers and spring sources. These underground aquifers include the Lincolnshire chalk and limestones and the Nottinghamshire Bunter sandstones.

Over the course of the twentieth century, all of the former water companies within the County were dissolved, with responsibility being taken over firstly by the local authorities, then six joint water boards (early 1960s), followed by a regional water authority (1974), before the privatisation of all water undertakings in 1989. Today, all water supplies in the historic County of Lincolnshire come under the operational control and administration of Anglian Water Services plc.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Barton B M J, St John's Hospital Water Tower, Bracebridge Heath, LHA 32, 1997
Healey, Hilary, Quadring Water Tower, LP&P 38, 1999
Jones, Michael J, The Well at St Paul in the Bail [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Lincoln's Castle, Bail and Close", SOL, 2015
Lester, Chris & Redmore, Ken, Water Supply at Grange Farm, Langton by Spilsby, LHA 45, 2010
Mills, Joan & Dennis, The Holy Well and Conduit at Canwick, LP&P 23, 1996
Neller, Ruth, Mablethorpe Water Tower, LP&P 38, 1999
Newton, Eric D, Gunby Hall Water Supply, LHA 47, 2012
Newton, Eric D, Withcall Farm Water Supply, LHA 47, 2012
Newton, Eric D, Two Pumped Water Supply Systems for the Gardens of Scawby Hall, LHA 51, 2016
Newton, Eric D, Black Springs Water Supply Plant, Thoresway, LHA 51 2016
Newton, Eric D, A Lincolnshire Waterfall [Stoke Rochford], LP&P 91, 2013
Newton, Eric D, Drilling for Water: W G Hamblett and Son of Nettleham, LP&P 124, 2021
Pacey, Trevor E, To Fetch a Pail of Water [Lincoln], (Book) Tucann, nd
Redmore, Ken & Lester, Chris, Tathwell Lake and Water Supply, LHA 39, 2004
Squires, Stewart, Potterhanworth Water Tower, LP&P 66, 2007
Squires, Stewart, Roadside Water Supply [Middle Rasen], LP&P 93, 2013
Wheeler, Rob, The Origins of Hartsholme Lake, in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "Birchwood, Hartsholme and Swanpool, Lincoln's Outer South-Western Suburbs", SOL, 2014
Wheeler, Rob, The Building of Skellingthorpe Reservoir, in Brook Shirley et al (Eds), "Lincoln Connections: Aspects of City and County since 1700", SLHA, 2011
Willington, D J, Lincoln City Waterworks & Henry Teague, LP&P 30, 1997
Wilson. Catherine (Ed), Elkesley Water Pumping Station, LHA 12 1976
--, Boultham Waterworks, Sincil Drain [photos], LP&P 92, 2013

Oxcombe, wind pump

Branston, water wheel and pump

Luddington, water tower

Lincolnshire is fortunate in the number of tower windmills which survive; a very small number still operate commercially, and a few grind grain as part of a visitor experience. At one time there were hundreds of such mills across the county and the familiar windmill "stumps" and conversions to dwellings indicate how common they once were. Only one post mill (Wrawby) and one smock mill (Dyke, near Bourne), out of many, stand today.

With relatively flat and open countryside watermills have been less common and generally less important in Lincolnshire than windmills, though there are several interesting examples. Few of the mills retain their machinery today and fewer still are in working condition.

Machinery operating on very similar principles to grain mills has been applied to several other operations in the county. Drainage mills - tower structures with wind-powered machinery to drive scoop wheels - were once widely used for draining the fens. Mills were also used for fulling cloth, grinding bones and creating whiting from chalk.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SL = Survey of Lincoln; LL = Lincolnshire Life; TIMS = The International Molinological Society

Articles about Lincolnshire mills appearing in the Lincolnshire Mills Group Magazine are separately listed

Books

Biggadike, John, The Story of Moulton Windmill, Moulton Windmill, 2014
Bonwick, Luke, Sneath's Mill, Lutton Gowts, The Mill Archive, 2018
Brown, R J, Windmills of England, Robert Hale, 1976
Croft, Eric, Lincolnshire Windmills in Old Picture Postcards, Reflections of a Bygone Age, nd
Curtis, Joyce M, Windmills in Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, SLHA 2014
Dolman, Peter, Lincolnshire Windmills, A Contemporary Survey, Lincolnshire County Council,1986
Hanson, Martin & Waterfield, James, Boston Windmills, authors, nd
Hewitt, S Frank, Hewitt's Windmill, Heapham, the author, nd
Jager, David, Windmills of Lincolnshire Surviving into the 21th Century, Heritage Lincolnshire, 2007
Pocklington, A R, Heckington's Magnificent Eight-Sailed Windmill, Friends of Heckington Mill, 2000
Sass, Jon A, Saundersons: Millwrights & Engineers of Louth, The Mills Archive, 2017
Sass, Jon A, Windmills of Lincolnshire, Stenlake Publishing, 2012
Tinley, Ruth, Dusty Almonds, author, 1995
Wailes, Rex, Lincolnshire Windmills, Part 1 and 2, Friends of Heckington Mill, 1991
Watson, Michael, Lincolnshire Mill Families, author, 2017
Wilson, Gordon (Ed), Recollections of a Lincolnshire Miller, Robert Wilson of Huttoft, Louth NALS, 1994
Wilson, Catherine (Ed), A Checklist of Windmill Paintings by Karl Wood, Lincolnshire Museum Occasional Papers, 1982
--, Wrawby Post Mill [guidebook], c.1970
--, History & Guide to the Maud Foster Windmill, Boston, 2002

Journal articles and book chapters

Beckwith, Ian S, Londonthorpe Mill, LIA Vol 2 No.4, 1967
Birch, Neville, Claypole Post Mill, LIA Vol 7, No.2, 1972
Chambers, J I, & Wilson, C M, Dickinson's Mill, Lincoln, LIA Vol 7, No. 2, 1972
Clowes, David, Sneath's Mill, Lutton Gowt, LP&P 83, 2011
Cradock, Robin, Mills and Milling [Witham Marsh], LIA Vol 4, No.3, 1969
Frankish, W H, My Reminiscences of Albion Mills, Brayford, LIA Vol 8, No3, 1973
Hallgarth, W E R, The Lincolnshire Miller and Millwright, LL Vol 5, No.4, 1965
Hallgarth, W E R, Behold! A Giant am I,[Lincolnshire Windmills], LL Vol 11, No.9, 1971
Hallgarth, W E R, Watermills of Lincolnshire, LL Vol 4, No.2, 1964
Hallgarth, W E R, Sunset of the Mills, LL Vol 1, No.3, 1961
Hollamby, Ken et al, Holdingham Watermill, LHA 50, 2015
Holm, Stuart, Humber Mill, Barton upon Humber, LHA 13, 1978
Moore, Colin, An English Country Millwright at the end of the Nineteenth Century, [Thompson of Alford] TIMS 97, 2018
Mouncey, G & Sass, Jon A, Reeson's Mill at Hibaldstow, LIA Vol 8, No.2, 1973
Osborne, Les, Ellis's Mill [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew, 'Uphill Lincoln I: Burton Road, Newport and the Ermine Estate", SOL, 2009
Page, C and Upton, M J, Messingham Mill, LHA 15, 1980
Page, Chris, Mills in the Parish of St Peter-at-Gowts, in Walker, Andrew, "Lincoln's City Centre South of the River Witham", SOL, 2016
Pawley, Simon, Grist to the Mill (Early mills in Sleaford), LHA 23 1988
Pawley, Simon, A Checklist of Lincolnshire Watermills, author, 2004
Raines, David and Sleaford U3A Group, King's Mill, Stamford, LHA 39, 2004
Sass, Jon A, Waltham Windmill, LIA Vol 2, No.2, 1967
Sass, Jon A, Sneath's Mill, Long Sutton, LHA 13, 1978
Sass, Jon A, A Former Flax Mill, Claypole, LHA 14, 1979
Sass, Jon A, Moulton Mill, LHA 34, 1999
Sass, Jon A, Lincolnshire's Last Smock Mill [Dyke], LHA 36, 2001
Sass, Jon A, Thorganby Hall Waterwheel, LHA 40, 2005
Sass, Jon A, Kingsgarth Mill, Barton upon Humber and the Pioneering Work of Robert Sutton, TIMS 101, 2020
Squires, Stewart, Windmills and Wildlife [Corringham], LP&P 20, 1995
Squires, Stewart, Former Water Mill at 1 Lincoln Road, Branston, LHA 46, 2011
Tinley, Ruth, Crown Mill, Lincoln, LP&P 36, 1999
Tinley, Ruth, Le Tall's Mill, Lincoln, NL 46, 1985
Waterfield, Tom, Maud Foster Windmill, LHA 25, 1990
Watson, Colin, Young's Watermill, Kirkby Green, LHA 18, 1983
Watts, Martin, Manor Mill (Wright's Mill), Scopwick, LHA 18, 1983
Wilson, Catherine M, Aubourn Watermill, LHA 13, 1978
Wilson, Catherine M, Burgh le Marsh Windmill: Its Early History, LHA 40, 2005
--, Scopwick Windmill, LP&P 15, 1994

Whaplode Shiphay Stow, mill tower

Boston, Maud Foster Mill

Dyke smock mill

Wrawby post mill

Kirby on Bain watermill

Sleaford, Cogglesford watermill

Some of the industries in this section were small scale and short lived and long since forgotten. Others, like the ice factory at Grimsby and the ropery at Barton, were very important for a period of time.

Books and other printed sources

Abbreviations: LHA = Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (SLHA journal); LP&P = Lincolnshire Past & Present (SLHA Magazine); LIA = Lincolnshire Industrial Archaeology (forerunner of LHA, 1966-1973); SOL = Survey of Lincoln

Barsley, Harold, The Woad Industry of Algarkirk, LIA Vol 4, No.2, 1969
Evans, E W, The Story of the Hall-Mark, Hall's Ropery [Barton], 1975
Everitt, Neil et al, The Grimsby Ice Factory, LP&P 81, 2010
Everson, Paul, A Sixteenth-Century Manorial Woad Mill at Claxby, LHA 19, 1985
Fenton, Will, Ropeworks: A brief history of Hall's Barton Ropery, Barton-on-Humber: Fathom Press, 2007
Johnson, C P C, Tanning Your Hide [Tanneries, Lincoln], in Hill, P R (Ed), Wigford: Historic Lincoln South of the River, SOL, 2000
Knapp, Malcolm, Bjorlow (Great Britain) Ltd, Tannery, Grantham, LHA 12, 1977
Lester, Chris & Redmore, Ken, Wheelwright's Tyre Oven [Horncastle], LHA 45, 2010
Nott, Hugh, Papermaking in Lincolnshire 1600-1900, (Book), SLHA, 2008
Page, Chris, Beet Root Distillery in Louth, LP&P76, 2009
Page, Chris, Beet Root Distillery in Lincoln, LP&P 77, 2009
Pape, G E, Blacksmith's Shop at Osbournby, LIA Vol 3, No.1, 1968
Robinson, David, Adam Eve and Louth Carpets [Eve & Ranshaw Ltd, Louth], (Book), Louth Naturalists', Antiquarian and Literary Society, 2010
Smith, Paul, Charles Sharp & Co Ltd, The Firm that Grew Success [seed merchant, Sleaford], LP&P 120, 2020
Squires, Stewart, Blacksmith's and Saddler's Shop, Market Place, Wragby, LHA 41, 2006
Tann, Geoff, Walker's Snack Food / Smith's Crisps Factory [Lincoln], in Walker, Andrew (Ed), "South-East Lincoln: Canwick Road, South Common, St Catherine's and Bracebridge", SOL, 2011
Taylor, Gary, Tobacco Pipe Making in Stamford, LP&P 38, 1999
Wilson C M (Ed), Fison's Limited, Carholme Road, Lincoln, LHA 12, 1977
Wilson, C M, Peppermint Distillery at Holbeach, LIA Vol 8, No.1, 1973
Wright, Neil R, Cheavins Filters [Boston], LIA Vol 6, No.1, 1971
Wright, Neil R, Tobacco Manufacturing in Lincolnshire, LIA, 1970
Wright, Neil R, Site of a Woad Mill, Tattershall Road, Boston, LHA 39, 2004
--, Elsoms: The History, Elsoms [seed merchants, Spalding], (Booklet), 1994
--, The History: A Family History of Spring Manufacture, Skegness Springs Limited, (Booklet), 2010
--, Clog Making in the Lincoln Area, LP&P 112, 2018

Barton-upon-Humber, Halls' ropery

Lincoln, Cannon's glue works

Now the Grantham branch sales office and showroom of a national chain of builders' merchants, this delightful memento of a bygone Victorian industry was once the centrepiece of an extensive factory complex devoted to the manufacture of a wide variety of horse-drawn vehicles and their accessories.

These ranged from the utilitarian to the elegant, from bespoke carriages 'for the nobility' to the quality production of such hardware as artillery wheels.

Richard Boyall's Brownlow Works occupied a prestigious site close to one of the county's principal railway junctions and thrived in late Victorian times until its products' motive power was superceded by the internal combustion engine.

In the builders' yard can still be seen traces of the former work base, including the works' bell and forge chimneys, but pride of place goes to the former showroom building which has survived more or less intact until the present day.

Escaping demolition at the time when Boyall's went out of business in pre-WW1 times, this building has seen many changes of use. From time to time it has been a cinema, a dance hall, an ice rink and roller skating hall, a distribution centre for dairy equipment as well as enduring periods of near dereliction. It is now carefully restored and well respected by its owners.

Peter Stevenson

Boyall's Brownlow Works, corner of
Wharf Road and Station Approach

Factory ball at Boyall's carriage works, Grantham

The bell used at Boyall's Works

The railway bridge at Torksey over the Trent was designed by Sir John Fowler in 1849 for the Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway. It is one of the country's first examples of a tubular girder bridge. (Fowler later went on to build the famous Forth Rail Bridge with Benjamin Baker.)

At first the MSLR Board mistrusted the design, and permission to use the bridge was refused, but after 4 months of arguing it finally opened to rail traffic in April 1850.

The girders were strengthened in 1897 and the bridge was used regularly until 1959 when the line was closed. A grade 2* listed structure, it is now under consideration for use as part of a Sustrans cycle route.

Adrian Wheal

This very decorative factory building has now been converted to apartments, but it was originally built for the processing of feathers for pillow cases.

Geese had been kept on the local fens for centuries, and their feathers were plucked twice a year and purified by heat in factories like this before being used to stuff the pillows of the rich.

At one time there were half a dozen such factories in the Lincolnshire fens and this is the last surviving Victorian building of that industry. The first feather factory on the site burnt down and this building was put up in its place in 1877.

It was erected by F S Anderson & Co., and very unusually for Victorian times this company was named after a woman. The Anderson family had been in the feather business for many years and by the time the factory was rebuilt the widowed Mrs Frances Susannah Anderson had succeeded her husband as head of the firm.

The feather factory continued in use until the middle of the 20th century and was latterly run by Fogarty & Co. who now operate from larger premises on the edge of Boston.

Neil Wright

Feather Factory
Trinity Street, Boston

Introduction

The Navvy House at Wymondham is one of a number of similar houses built in c1890 by the contractors for the Midland Railway for the construction of the line between Saxby and Bourne. Contracts were let and work began in October 1890.

The Wymondham house would have been constructed for Holme and King, the contractor for the railway between Saxby and a point between Wymondham and South Witham. It is the only survivor of several such structures which once stood in Castle Bytham, South Witham and Wymondham.

An extract from the Midland Railway plans shows the existing Station House, marked as "S M Ho", on the north side of the line with the existing Navvy House next west in the centre and the demolished Navvy House to the extreme west.

The house is a Grade II Listed Building, having been Listed on 13 January 1988 with a subsequent list amendment of 17 October 2007.

History

By the late C19 and following action by Parliament navvy housing was of a standard much improved over earlier years. Although considered to be temporary buildings, they provided a good standard of accommodation compared with some rural housing. Internally there were three rooms, with two of them being heated.

At one end was the smallest room, for occupation by a married man and his family. This and the central room were separated by the chimney with fireplace on both sides. The central and other end room were of an equal size.

The centre was a communal living and dining room with the unheated end being a dormitory. The wife would be paid by the lodgers for cleaning, cooking and washing.

Of the nine huts in Wymondham, the 1891 Census records that one was occupied by nine people, two by ten, one by 11, one by 12, two by 13 and two by 14. Of the pair of which the survivor is one, one was occupied by 13 people the other by 14.

One had a Foreman of Works, his wife and six daughters, together with six Railway Labourers, the latter all lodgers. The other had a Railway Labourer, his wife, described as a Cook, two Railway Labourer sons, a daughter described as a Laundress, and eight lodgers. One of these was an Engine Driver, two Engine Cleaners and five Railway Labourers.

Most were demolished after the line opened in 1893 but five examples at Little Bytham, one pair at South Witham and two at Wymondham, were retained and used as staff accommodation. They are all shown on the County Series, 1;2500 Second Edition maps.

Those at South Witham were demolished on 13 October 1954. Those at Little Bytham had all been demolished by the early 1970s. One of the surviving pair at Wymondham was demolished in 1993.

The local authority, Melton Borough Council, and the owner were not informed of the listing at the time because the paperwork had been sent to Wymondham in Norfolk.

One of the pair at Wymondham was lived in until the 1950s. The survivor has remnants of domestic wallpaper on its walls. Oral recollection is that it was regarded locally as rather shameful to live in what was, by the 1950s, a substandard dwelling, and it was occupied until 1956.

An assessment has been made in an effort to establish if the vertical timber cladding to the exterior is original. Surviving photographs of that at Broadgate Lane, South Witham, show it to have had horizontal boarding. However, there was a different contractor employed here, JD Nowell, and he may have clad the huts he provided in a different manner.

SWA Newton's photographs of Navvy housing for the construction of the Great Central Railway in the period 1894-99 show the use of both horizontal and vertical cladding although where the latter is used it is plain, flat boarding rather than with the relief found at Wymondham.

So, the results are inconclusive but it is clear that the existing boards do have considerable age and, thus, may well be original.

Significance

That the building has architectural and historic interest is not disputed. The Heritage Gateway entry refers to it being a rare and almost intact example of its type and that it may be the only surviving example in England.

There is one other similar building, at Dent Station in Cumbria on the Settle to Carlisle line, also built by the Midland Railway in the period 1866 to 1875. It is also a Grade II Listed Building. Once almost derelict, this has now been repaired. It now provides for holiday accommodation, see www.dentstation.co.uk/snowhuts_interior.php

The website describes it as having been built in 1885 as a lineside shelter for railway workers, the name Snow Hut derived from its use for workers in winter keeping the line running at times of heavy snowfall.

The listing description for this building states that it was a dormitory for Navvies with an office at one end. It also has walls of stone which made it of more permanent construction. Indeed, in such an isolated spot, and being sited at the highest railway station in England, it may have been purposely built to more permanent than that at Wymondham.

The list description does also state that the building is a rare survival and that other examples have been substantially altered. No other examples have been listed.

The conclusion to be drawn from this is that the Wymondham Navvy house is unique, both in terms of its survival and relatively unaltered state. It is, therefore, a very important building in a national context.

Stewart Squires

Navvy house close to Wymondham
station on the former Bourne to Saxby MGNR line, 2010

Owston Ferry, on the west bank of the Trent, lies on the edge of the historic Isle of Axholme, a large area a little above sea level. Effective drainage was first achieved here in the seventeenth century by lifting water from the land into the embanked Trent using wind-powered pumps.

In the early twentieth century the pumping station was equipped with two Marshall L-Class double-expansion steam engines driving Drysdale pumps to drain approx 5000 acres. One engine was replaced in 1952 by a Ruston and Hornsby 8HRC diesel engine and later a 3-cylinder Lister-Blackstone engine was installed. The remaining steam engine is believed not to have run since 1963.

The Owston Ferry Pumping Station Preservation Society has been set up to preserve and interpret the station and its machinery.

For further details about membership contact:

Paul Gammons
35 North Street, Owston Ferry, Isle of Axholme, DN9 1RT
Email jpgammons@btinternet.com
The society has a blog: ofpeps.blogspot.com

Marshall (of Gainsborough) Class L T Tandem Compound Steam Engine as installed at Owston Ferry

Owston Ferry Pumping Station
from the west

Lincolnshire is fortunate in the number of tower windmills which survive; a few still operate commercially and others grind grain as part of a visitor experience. At one time there were hundreds of such mills across the county and the familiar windmill "stumps" and conversions to dwellings indicate how common they once were. Only one post mill and one smock mill, out of many, stand today.

With relatively flat and open countryside watermills have been less common and generally less important in Lincolnshire than windmills, though there are several interesting examples. Few of the watermills retain their machinery today and fewer still are in working condition.

The Gallery on this website (see under Industry-Cornmilling) has a collection of almost 300 photographs of Lincolnshire mills. Some of the windmill images were taken in the early twentieth century when the mills were in full working order; others record the surviving stumps of windmill towers or show the ingenuity with which architects have converted them into attractive living accomodation. The principal sources of the photographs are the collections of Jon Sass and Peter Kirk.

Photographs - Top: The stump of the tower windmill at Freiston Shore, one of scores that survive as listed structures.
Below: Ellis Mill, Lincoln, a small mill regularly grinding corn and open to visitors.
(Both photographs from the Peter Kirk Collection)

Rex Wailes, the great 20th century authority on windmills, wrote to The Lincolnshire Local History Society in 1953 with a list of 90 windmills which had been working in the County thirty years earlier. He admits that several mills for which he did not hold photographs were omitted from the list.

He went on to say that in 1953 only 9 Lincolnshire windmills remained working.

Wailes made a strong appeal for the repair and preservation of the 9 mills together with 3 more that could readily be brought back into operation. J E Thompson, millwright of Alford, had provided estimates of cost for the necessary work.

This is Wailes' list of Lincolnshire windmills working in 1923. Those still operating in 1953 or, in his view, capable of being easily brought back into use are marked with an asterisk (*)

Mill at Penny Hill, Holbeach
(photograph by Rex Wailes)

Addlethorpe
Alford, Hoyle's Mill (5 sails)*
Alford, Myer's Mill (6 sails)
Alford, Station Mill (4 sails)
Bardney (6 sails)
Barton-upon-Humber
Beckingham
Belton
Bennington
Billinghay (4 sails)
Billinghay (6 sails)
Bilsby
Binbrook (6 sails)
Boston, Maud Foster Mill (5 sails)*
Brant Broughton
Burgh le Marsh (4 sails)
Burgh le Marsh (5 sails)*
Butterwick
Coleby Heath (6 sails)
Coleby Lodge (6 sails)
Coningsby (5 sails)
Cowbit
Croft
Dyke smock mill
Epworth, Brook's Mill
Epworth, Thompson's Mill
Foston, post mill
Freiston tower mill
Friskney

Friskney Tofts, post mill
Fulstow
Gainsborough (5 sails)
Gedney Dyke (6 sails)
Gedney Hill
Grainthorpe
Grebby
Hagworthingham
Halton Holegate*
Heapham*
Heckington (4 sails)
Heckington (8 sails)*
Hogsthorpe
Holbeach, Damgate Mill
Holbeach, Penny Hill (6 sails)
Huttoft
Kexby
Kirton End
Kirton in Lindsey
Langton Hill
Laughterton, post mill
Leadenham
Legbourne, wind and water mill
Lincoln, Ellis
Long Sutton, Brunswick (6 sails)
Long Sutton, Lutton Gowts
Maltby le Marsh
Metheringham (6 sails)
Moulton Chapel

New Bolingbroke
Oasby
Old Bolingbroke
Old Leake
PinchbeckPinchbeck West
Saltfleet
Scartho (5 sails)
Scotter
Sibsey, Trader Mill (6 sails)*
South Killingholme post mill
South Rauceby
South Willingham
Spalding, Common
Spalding, Little London
Stallingborough*
Stickford*
Stickney
Sturton by Stow*
Swineshead, Houlder's Mill
Swineshead, North End Mill
Toynton All Saints*
Trusthorpe
Wainfleet St Mary
Waltham (6 sails)*
Wellingore (6 sails)
Whaplode Shepeau Stow
Willingham (4 sails)
Wrawby post mill

A small group of SLHA members spent a day in February 2018 on the south bank of the Humber examining the industrial heritage of New Holland and Barrow-upon-Humber.

Sites visited in New Holland included the railway and docks together with the public and commercial buildings erected to serve the needs of this specialised community.

At Barrow Haven the group examined the docks and noted the extensive areas of the former brickyards. The day ended at the site of the former lime kilns on the edge of Barrow village.

A detailed illustrated report is appended here.

The water tower at Fulletby is located immediately to the east of the Village, positioned in a stand of trees at Top Holt alongside the cliff-top road between Belchford and Greetham. It stands on the high ground of the chalk escarpment that forms the Lincolnshire Wolds where ground levels reach 140 metres above Ordnance Datum (AOD). The National Grid Reference (NGR) is TF 302733.

The tower is part of the public water supply network operated by Anglian Water Services serving this rural area of East Lindsey. It was constructed in 1972 by the former East Lincolnshire Water Board to improve public drinking water supplies to the local area by providing elevated and emergency storage.

The elevated storage tank, with a capacity of 45 cu. metres (10,000 gallons), consists of 1.22 x 1.22 metres (4ft x 4ft) bolted Braithwaite steel panels with overall dimensions of 3.66 m x 3.66 m x 3.66m high. Top water level is 153.80 m. AOD, some 14 metres above the surrounding ground.

The tank is supported by an open lattice steel tower with the inlet and outlet pipework rising vertically within the open steelwork frame. The water tower at Fulletby is one of a few Braithwaite steel tanks, once common, that are still in service.

Two small horizontal spindle booster pumps (one duty, one standby), complete with control equipment, are located at ground level immediately beneath the tower. These are housed within a small building. Controlled by water levels within the tank, the pumps boost water pressures in the pipeline supplying the tower, up to the elevated tank.

Water is supplied from Anglian Water's sourceworks and pumping station at Raithby, near Louth. Water is abstracted from a number of deep boreholes into the Spilsby Sandstones and is then pumped up to the service reservoir at Stenigot, about six miles north of Fulletby.

From Stenigot water flows by gravity through the watermains network to the water tower at Fulletby, but at an insufficient pressure to reach the elevated tank, hence the need for the booster pumps.

The quality of the water supplied from Raithby pumping station is described as good but with high levels of hardness.

It is only the village of Fulletby itself which receives a supply of water from the tower.

Being on some of the highest ground in this part of the southern Wolds, the village is also a prime location for telecommunication masts, several of which are attached to the top of the water tower.

Eric Newton, January 2022

LINCOLNSHIRE WATERMILLSDetailed accounts of over 50 surviving watermills, copiously illustrated

BARTON UPON HUMBER: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

BOSTON: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

BOURNE: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

BRIGG: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

GAINSBOROUGH: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

GRANTHAM: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

GRIMSBY and NORTH EAST LINCOLNSHIRE: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town and district

HORNCASTLE: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

LINCOLN ENGINEERS: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the history of Lincoln Engineers

LINCOLN - OTHER INDUSTRIES: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the history of Lincoln's industries other than engineering

LOUTH: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

SCUNTHORPE: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

SLEAFORD: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

SPALDING: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

STAMFORD: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

EAST LINDSEY: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

WEST LINDSEY: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

NORTH KESTEVEN: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

SOUTH KESTEVEN: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

SOUTH HOLLAND: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE: Industrial History: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the unitary county

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on agricultural machinery in Lincolnshire

BRICKS and TILES in Lincolnshire: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on bricks and tiles in Lincolnshire

CANALS and WATERWAYS in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on canals and waterways in Lincolnshire

DEFENCE and WARTIME in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on defence and wartime in Lincolnshire

DRAINAGE and SEWERAGE in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on drainage and sewerage in Lincolnshire

ENGINEERING in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on engineering in Lincolnshire - EXCEPT Lincoln

FARMS in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on farms and farm buildings in Lincolnshire

GASWORKS ands ELECTRICITY WORKS in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on gasworks and electricity works in Lincolnshire

MALTING and BREWING in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on malting and brewing in Lincolnshire

MINES and QUARRIES in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on mines and quarries in Lincolnshire

PORTS and MARINE in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on ports and marine topics in Lincolnshire

RADIO, RADAR and TELECOMMUNICATIONS in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on radio, radar and telecommunications in Lincolnshire

RAILWAYS in Lincolnshire: BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on railways in Lincolnshire

ROADS and BRIDGES in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on roads and bridges in Lincolnshire

STREET FURNITURE in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on street furniture in Lincolnshire

VEHICLES in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on carts, wagons, bicycles, cars, lorries and buses in Lincolnshire

WATER SUPPLY in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on water supply in Lincolnshire

WINDMILLS and WATERMILLS in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on windmills and watermills in Lincolnshire

MICELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES in Lincolnshire : BibliographyBooks and other printed sources on miscellaneous industries in Lincolnshire

Boyall's Carriage Works, GranthamThe local firm making horse-drawn vehicles which were crucial to industry, trade and leisure in the town

Torksey Railway BridgeA disused bridge over the Trent has historic significance

Boston Feather FactoryAn unusual survival from a once common Fenland industry

Wymondham Navvy HouseA unique survival on the former Bourne to Saxby MGNR railway line

Owston Ferry Pumping StationBordering the Trent and the Isle of Axholme, this pumping station has had a variety of engines and pumps

Windmills and WatermillsCommon but significant features of the Lincolnshire Countryside

Lincolnshire Windmills : A thirty year declineMills working in 1923 and 1953

New Holland & Barrow uopn HumberVisit by SLHA's IA Team, February 2018

Fulletby Water TowerA 50-year-old structure serving villages in the Wolds east of Horncastle

LINCOLNSHIRE WATERMILLS
Detailed accounts of over 50 surviving watermills, copiously illustrated

BARTON UPON HUMBER: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

BOSTON: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

BOURNE: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

BRIGG: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

GAINSBOROUGH: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

GRANTHAM: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

GRIMSBY and NORTH EAST LINCOLNSHIRE: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town and district

HORNCASTLE: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

LINCOLN ENGINEERS: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the history of Lincoln Engineers

LINCOLN - OTHER INDUSTRIES: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the history of Lincoln's industries other than engineering

LOUTH: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

SCUNTHORPE: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

SLEAFORD: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

SPALDING: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

STAMFORD: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the town

EAST LINDSEY: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

WEST LINDSEY: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

NORTH KESTEVEN: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

SOUTH KESTEVEN: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

SOUTH HOLLAND: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the district

NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE: Industrial History: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on the industrial heritage of the unitary county

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on agricultural machinery in Lincolnshire

BRICKS and TILES in Lincolnshire: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on bricks and tiles in Lincolnshire

CANALS and WATERWAYS in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on canals and waterways in Lincolnshire

DEFENCE and WARTIME in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on defence and wartime in Lincolnshire

DRAINAGE and SEWERAGE in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on drainage and sewerage in Lincolnshire

ENGINEERING in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on engineering in Lincolnshire - EXCEPT Lincoln

FARMS in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on farms and farm buildings in Lincolnshire

GASWORKS ands ELECTRICITY WORKS in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on gasworks and electricity works in Lincolnshire

MALTING and BREWING in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on malting and brewing in Lincolnshire

MINES and QUARRIES in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on mines and quarries in Lincolnshire

PORTS and MARINE in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on ports and marine topics in Lincolnshire

RADIO, RADAR and TELECOMMUNICATIONS in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on radio, radar and telecommunications in Lincolnshire

RAILWAYS in Lincolnshire: Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on railways in Lincolnshire

ROADS and BRIDGES in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on roads and bridges in Lincolnshire

STREET FURNITURE in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on street furniture in Lincolnshire

VEHICLES in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on carts, wagons, bicycles, cars, lorries and buses in Lincolnshire

WATER SUPPLY in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on water supply in Lincolnshire

WINDMILLS and WATERMILLS in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on windmills and watermills in Lincolnshire

MICELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES in Lincolnshire : Bibliography
Books and other printed sources on miscellaneous industries in Lincolnshire

Boyall's Carriage Works, Grantham
The local firm making horse-drawn vehicles which were crucial to industry, trade and leisure in the town

Torksey Railway Bridge
A disused bridge over the Trent has historic significance

Boston Feather Factory
An unusual survival from a once common Fenland industry

Wymondham Navvy House
A unique survival on the former Bourne to Saxby MGNR railway line

Owston Ferry Pumping Station
Bordering the Trent and the Isle of Axholme, this pumping station has had a variety of engines and pumps

Windmills and Watermills
Common but significant features of the Lincolnshire Countryside

Lincolnshire Windmills : A thirty year decline
Mills working in 1923 and 1953

New Holland & Barrow uopn Humber
Visit by SLHA's IA Team, February 2018

Fulletby Water Tower
A 50-year-old structure serving villages in the Wolds east of Horncastle