No. 54 - 2020

Published 2024

‘Entrench and Fortifie’ – The Impact of the British Civil Wars on Tattershall Castle

No. 53 - 2019

Published 2023

The papers published  in this volume celebrate the life and work of Dennis Mills who died in March 2020.

Strictly speaking, the last Lincolnshire yeoman actually disappeared from view at midnight on 31 December 1925, but the act of parliament that determined this should happen was in 1922. And even then, this apparent precision only works by playing with language and the semantics of the word ‘yeoman’. So to be upfront and honest, what this article will do is identify the last copyhold tenant of a Lincolnshire manor who might or might not have self-identified as a yeoman.Cover Illustration: Lincoln High Street Two Years After the Coming of the Railway (c.1848) by John E. Ferneley (1782-1860)

No. 52 - 2017/18

Published 2022

Cover Illustration: Langrick Ferry on the river Witham near Boston, by Peter de Wint (1784-1849)

No. 51 - 2016

Published 2019

‘Unfit for the Residence of a Minister’: Did the Clergy Ever Live at Old Church Cottage, Aubourn?

Jenne Pape et al

As part of a wider Trent Valley Project, the Society’s Building Recording Group (RUBL) surveyed and recorded Old Church Cottage, Aubourn (SK92732 62748). Dendrochronology dated this humble, apparently medieval, timber-framed building to 1743, raising questions about the character of the vicars’ ‘official’ residence at Aubourn throughout the entire post-medieval period.

Study of plentiful documentary sources reveals continuous resistance by vicars and curates to living in the accommodation provided in the village, from 1526 right through until 1855, often coinciding with Aubourn vicarage being held in plurality.

Evidence provided by the building recording programme, when read alongside the documentation, enables an understanding why the vicars were evidently unwilling to reside in their parsonage, and instead viewed it as a source of rental income.

The building recording programme also illustrates an unexpected conservative attitude to building materials and techniques prevalent in Lincolnshire’s Trent valley lowlands in the mid-eighteenth century.

Exeter Down, Stamford: An Early to Middle Iron Age Enclosed Settlement with Evidence of Iron Smelting
Patrick Daniel

An enclosed Iron Age farmstead, with two small iron smelting furnaces nearby, was excavated on the western edge of Stamford in 2014. Two areas were examined: Area 1 contained a sequence of three roundhouses all with south-east facing entrances. The latest was set within a 0.3 hectare enclosure defined by a ditch with a probable internal bank.

Pottery and radiocarbon dates indicate the settlement was occupied from approximately the fifth to second centuries BC, i.e., from the early–middle Iron Age transition, to the end of the middle Iron Age.

Field boundary ditches with an associated area of pitting including the remains of two iron smelting furnaces were exposed to the north of the enclosure, in Area 2. The dates of pottery from Area 2, and the presence of ironworking debris in settlement-related features in Area 1, suggest that both areas were in use at the same time.

Such early evidence of iron smelting is important and gains significance from being found in conjunction with traces of domestic buildings, enclosure features, and assemblages of pottery, animal bone and environmental remains.

Brickmaking in East Halton: An Uncommon Multi-Chamber Kiln
Ken Redmore

Two adjacent sites on the Humber Bank at East Halton were the bases for clay-related industries which peaked in the first decades of the twentieth century. One site was developed as a large brickyard which fired a wide range of bricks and tiles; the other provided clay for the manufacture of cement.

The brick kiln which survives on the first site (TA 156 213) is a downdraught eight-chamber kiln which operated on a semi-continuous basis. It is a rare kiln and the only example of its type known to have operated in Lincolnshire. It was built in the early twentieth century to replace two Scotch kilns in a brickyard that had been in existence for about fifty years.

Most of the bricks and tiles made in the kiln, by the firm of Wilkinson and Houghton, were transported down the coast to Grimsby and Cleethorpes until the closure of the brickyard in 1939–40.

The kiln design is derived from the Staffordshire type but some of the features may relate solely to its uncommon mode of operation and are not fully understood. A detailed survey of the whole structure has not been possible and, significantly, the runs of flues below ground have not been examined.

Sales of bricks and tiles from the yard in the 1920s provide some indication of the frequency with which the kiln was fired.

Landscape Evolution at Wrangle from Late Saxon Times to AD 1600
Ian G Simmons

Several sources of evidence are brought together in an attempt at a synthesis of the landscapes of medieval Wrangle. The final map rests upon data and inferences from The Ordnance Survey maps of various dates, a manuscript map of part of the coast from 1606 (reproduced as an Appendix to the paper), an aerial photograph from near the end of WW2, Lidar (now available from gov.uk) and many archived documents, of which the charters of Waltham Holy Cross from the late-twelfth century are dominant.

These have been transcribed and translated in a single volume, which massively improves their utility to a wide range of interpreters. The combination of these sources confirms the gradual narrowing of Wrangle Haven until it was a managed river, and the key role of salt waste in forming The Tofts which hereabouts in medieval times were the first line of defence against the sea.

The dominance of Waltham Abbey tenants over the area today known as The Low Grounds seems secure, with a mixture of dry land, former turbaries and, perhaps, remnants of salt-marsh.

Features still needing more exploration include the King's Hill, High Street (whose older name was The Sea-dike Path), and the distribution of raised land beyond Wrangle Haven to the south-west.

Two Pumped Water Supply Systems for the Gardens of Scawby Hall
Eric D Newton

In the nineteenth century a three-throw force pump powered by waterwheel was installed alongside a lake in the Scawby Hall’s park to supply water to the ornamental gardens.

This system was replaced by a hydraulic ram pump in the early twentieth century; it was situated close to the original pump chamber and used the settling tanks and much of the pipework of the earlier installation.

Water was pumped from the lakeside site to an elevated storage tank built above a stable block a short distance from the gardens alongside the Hall. Water pressure from the tank was sufficient to operate a fountain.

Prior to a public supply being available, it is believed that drinking water for the Hall and stables was obtained from long-established wells, not from the pumped supplies from the lake.

Boston Harbour Dues, Oats, Coal, and the Budget of 1831
R C Wheeler

Registers listing payments of harbour dues provide useful evidence on the trade of the port of Boston in the early nineteenth century that complements other sources. After explaining the nature of the registers, the paper examines the two main commodities passing through the port, grain and coal.

At the beginning of the period, the trade in grain is dominated by oats. This appears to result from the cultivation of newly cleared fenland, which yielded massive crops of oats and cole but was ill-suited for other grains.

As the abnormal fertility of the soil declined, more normal crop rotations were introduced and the surplus of oats declined. This is reflected in the port statistics. For coal, several developments in the 1820s and 1830s upset the pattern of trade; the most important of these was the removal in 1831 of the tax on coal carried coastwise.

This led to a change in the market shares of the different coal-producing regions supplying Boston; for Yorkshire coal, there was a shift from inland waterways to coastal shipping. This produced a massive fall in the traffic on the Witham, which the Witham Company countered by introducing drawbacks for coal and grain carried the full length of the navigation.

Excavation at the Car Dyke, Washingborough, Lincolnshire
Ashley Tuck et al.

In 2015, Wessex Archaeology undertook an excavation during the installation of flood alleviation pipes through a scheduled section of the Car Dyke near Washingborough (Scheduled Monument number 1004923).

The Car Dyke is thought to be of Romano-British date and comprises an artificial water channel flanked by raised banks. The excavations revealed the profile of the south bank and a contemporary drainage ditch. The main channel of the Car Dyke lay outside the excavation area.

A possible ‘barrow run’ was recorded across the bank. Radiocarbon dates and good quality environmental samples from the Romano-British and early medieval periods were obtained from the contemporary drainage ditch.

Enclosure and the Cottager : The ‘Cottage System’ in North Lincolnshire
Martin Watkinson

It is often claimed that the enclosure of common fields and waste land deprived many poor cottagers of access to pasture and other resources upon which much of their livelihood depended. Yet, in parts of north Lincolnshire, a number of landlords and farmers continued to provide their labourers with pasture for cows long after enclosure had taken place.

During the 1790s and 1800s, commentators praised these arrangements and pressed for their adoption elsewhere. Despite this, the so-called ‘cottage system’ was in retreat in many parts of north Lincolnshire by the middle of the nineteenth century.

This paper seeks to establish the nature, extent and longevity of the so-called ‘cottage system’ in north Lincolnshire and uses the example of Humberston near Grimsby to consider the motives that led landlords to provide their tenants with cow pastures and the benefits that cottagers derived from them. The cow pastures in Humberston are one of the best-documented and longest-surviving in the county.

An Early Eighteenth-century Pre-enclosure Estate Rent Roll: Branston, c. 1740
Dennis and Joan Mills

This article is based on a rent roll relating to an estate of about 3,400 acres at Branston, a parish of about 5,600 acres some four miles south-east of Lincoln. It yields information not only on farm sizes, but also on the different landscape types that succeeded each other from west to east: heath, open field, moor, wood and fen, the latter extending from the Car Dyke down to the river Witham.

There are thirty-eight tenants’ names on the roll, at the top of which were eleven tenants who could be described as major farmers, all having shares in the sheep walk and in the open field. They paid rents from £20 to £56. Ten lesser tenants paid rents of £20 or below, mostly below £12.

Farm sizes were high for the period with both forms of the average close to 125 acres, probably the result of Branston having poor soil such that large farms were necessary to allow tenants to get a decent living.

Black Springs Water Supply Plant, Thoresway
Eric D Newton

Water from Black Springs in Thoresway was collected in a lake and pumped to Grange Farm, 1.4km away. A triple-action force pump, driven by a 3.0m diameter cast iron waterwheel, is housed in a brick-built subterranean chamber alongside the lake.

Much of this machinery, in use from the 1880s to 1960s, is still intact though in poor condition. Pumped water from Black Springs was collected in a pair of tanks in an outbuilding at Grange Farm for distribution around the farmstead.

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2015: Archaeology and Historic Buildings
Edited by Richard Watts

The notes below cover archaeological work and surveys of historic buildings carried out in Lincolnshire largely as a result of development managed by the planning system. The work was carried out between 1 January and 31 December 2015.

Most historic environment work carried out in the county is funded by developers and their input is duly acknowledged. Full reports of this work have been deposited with the appropriate Historic Environment Record where they are available for consultation.

A summary list of archaeological work for which the results are either entirely, or substantially, negative will be made available on the SLHA website rather than being published in this journal.

Assistance in the preparation of these notes was provided by Alison Williams of the HER in the Places Directorate of North Lincolnshire Council. In addition, the society is publishing here a series of notes, compiled by Lisa Brundle with Adam Daubney, on archaeological objects found in Lincolnshire that have been reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme during 2015.

Book Reviews and Bibliography

Cover Illustration: St Botolph’s from the Witham, Boston, 1857, by Henry Baines (1823–1894)

No. 50 - 2015

Published 2018

Lincolnshire's Middle Trent Valley: The Building Stock Before Enclosure.
The Case of Manor Farm House, Thorpe-on-the-Hill
David Stocker et al

The Society's building recording group, known as RUBL (Recording and Understanding the Buildings of Lincolnshire) completed their survey and analysis of Manor Farm House, Thorpe on the Hill and published the results in a paper in Vernacular Architecture, Volume 46(2015) pp.40-65. For the benefit of LHA readers, that paper is here reproduced in full, with the permission of the Vernacular Architecture Group.

This contribution originates in the observation that there are a very few standing timber-framed buildings in the county's Middle Trent Valley. The paper is the first from a larger project exploring this absence. It addresses the suggestion that, although there were once similar numbers of vernacular buildings of this type as elsewhere in the north-east Midlands, this part of Lincolnshire was so greatly affected by a great rebuilding following enclosure between c.1750 and c.1850 that virtually all earlier box-framed structures were replaced in brick. Preliminary survey by the group suggests that this may be true, but it also reveals that some members of this earlier generation of box framed buildings may survive disarticulated, as re-used timbers in those enclosure-period farmsteads that replaced them. Consequently, the group has undertaken a detailed analysis of the timbers re-used in the enclosure-period farmhouse at Thorpe on the Hill in order to assess techniques for reconstructing the frames of predecessor buildings.

Following extensive recording work, the outlines of two closely connected predecessor structures have been reconstructed and dated - through techniques including dendrochronology - to the mid-fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It is suggested that they were both ranges from the previous Manor Farm House, which occupied the same footprint as that still standing.

Manuring the Land: Baltic Bale Seals and Peruvian Guano Seals from Lincolnshire
Adam Daubney

Over 75,000 objects discovered in Lincolnshire have been reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) since its inception in 1997. This paper draws attention to two types of modern lead seals which provide evidence for manuring practices that are otherwise intermittently mentioned in documentary sources.

The first type of seal emanates from the Baltic and provides further information on the flax and hemp trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The second type emanates from Peru and provides evidence for the import and use of guano as a source of fertiliser Both types of seal are hitherto unrecorded in local museum collections, and are argued here to be a valuable new addition to our understanding of the agricultural and industrial history of rural Lincolnshire.

Nineteenth Century Chalk Quarrying and Lime Burning in the South-Eastern Lincolnshire Wolds
Peter Wynn

The chalk of the Lincolnshire Wolds was a convenient material that could be burnt to provide lime for agricultural or building purposes. During the nineteenth century quarrying and associated lime burning took place at various scales throughout the Wolds.

This article examines the mainly small to medium sized operations in the south eastern Wolds. This was an area well placed to supply lime for agricultural use in the coastal marshes. The opening of the East Lincolnshire Railway in 1848 enabled the industry to exploit a larger customer base.

The term 'lime burner' could refer to different groups of people: the owner of the chalk pits and kilns and the operatives who actually undertook the physical tasks involved in producing the burnt lime. However in the study area both groups tended to have an intermittent and part time involvement with the industry. This leads the author to question the generally held view that by the mid-nineteenth century most lime kilns were of the perpetual' type. Probably as a result of the agricultural depression, the industry in this area declined from the 1870s onwards.

The Double Nave of Caythorpe Church and Marian Devotion
Alister Mutch

This article places the distinctive double-naved medieval church of St Vincent, Caythorpe, South Kesteven, in its architectural and social context. Attention is drawn to the importance of the de Vesci family, the major landowners at the time of construction, in the patronage of reforming religious orders.

Their devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary is related to the Marian iconography that survives at the church. Architectural features, contrasted with other double-naved churches in both England and mainland Europe, suggest aborted plans to make the church part of a religious foundation.

The Holland Causeway and Bridge End Priory: Piety, People and Communications in the Lincolnshire Fenland
Brian Hodgkinson

This paper discusses the history of the Holland Causeway in relation to both its maintenance and its connectivity with the local population within its fenland setting, straddling the border between Holland and Kesteven. Crossing the often flooded landscape between Bridge End and Donington in Holland, the approximately four-mile causeway (forming part of the present A52) featured numerous bridges and culverts, and consequently was difficult  and expensive to maintain.

The financial burden for this ongoing maintenance largely fell onto the inadequate shoulders of Bridge End Priory, the smallest and poorest house of the Gilbertine order. This is an account of the priory's battle to preserve the vital passageway across the local topography that was for all intents a swamp, and to extract enough income from tolls to maintain the roadway and also the monastery itself.

A Reappraisal of Lincoln Tank Production in 1916
Gwyn Evans

Lincoln's fame as the birthplace of the tank during the Great War is well-known, as is the crucial role played by William Foster and Company of the Wellington Foundry. The role played by other Lincoln businesses in the tank story has been less well documented. Newly available archival material relating to Robey and Company reveals that the firm was much more involved in the production of the first order for tanks than has hitherto been realised, even to the extent of building some tanks itself.

This paper details for the first time Robey's place in the production of the early tanks, the reasons why the firm became involved and why this did not continue for later tank production. It also sheds light on the situation at William Foster and Company in 1916. The paper ends by identifying the implications of this new knowledge for the identification of the only remaining Tank Mark I, now preserved at the Tank Museum, Bovington.

Stamford's Brazenose Gateway
N J Sheehan

Dating from the thirteenth century, the Brazenose Gateway in Stamford is one of the town's oldest surviving architectural structures. Reputedly the entrance gate to Brazenose College, and apocryphally associated with the transient university established in the town in 1333 by dissident students and masters from Oxford, the gateway is a Grade I listed structure and a Scheduled Monument. Taking its name from the nose-shaped brass knocker on its wooden door, it was preserved when the medieval college building was pulled down in 1688.

The original knocker was removed to Brasenose College in Oxford in 1890 and was replaced by a replica in 1961. The gateway has been rebuilt several times over the centuries. The original design has been largely retained except for variations in the configuration of the apex of the arch. This article discusses the origins of the gateway and documents changes to it, through a series of images from 1727 to the present.

Holdingham Watermill
Ken Hollamby, Chris Page, Ken Redmore and Jon Sass

Holdingham watermill, standing alongside the Sleaford Navigation, was built in the 1790s and extended in the 1860s. Much of the original wooden gearing was replaced by cast iron in the 1840s and this improved the reliability and performance of the mill. The 1860s development also brought in a steam engine and increased the number of stones.

The mill was then an excellent example of an efficient rural watermill but its profitability was soon undermined by much more efficient steam powered roller mills in Sleaford and elsewhere. Milling at Holdingham continued spasmodically after 1880 and ceased altogether in the 1950s when the building, complete with all the nineteenth-century machinery and fittings, was effectively mothballed.

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2014: Archaeology and Historic Buildings

The notes cover archaeological work and surveys of historic buildings carried out in Lincolnshire largely as a result of development managed by the planning system. The work was carried out between 1 January and 31 December 2014. Most historic environment work carried out in the county is funded by developers and their input is duly acknowledged.

Full reports of this work have been deposited with the appropriate Historic Environment Record where they are available for consultation. A summary list of archaeological work for which the results are either entirely, or substantially, negative will be made available on the SLHA website rather than being published in this journal. Assistance in the preparation of these notes was provided by Alison Williams of the HER in the Places Directorate of North Lincolnshire Council and Hugh Winfield of the HER in the Planning Service of North-East Lincolnshire Council. In addition, the society is publishing here a series of notes, compiled by Susheela Burford with Adam Daubney, on archaeological objects found in Lincolnshire that have been reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme during 2014.

Book Reviews and Bibliography

Cover Illustration: The Lime Kiln, by John Joseph Barker (1824-1904)

No. 49 - 2014

Published 2017

A History of Michael Penistan Junior, Agricultural Engineer, Lincoln
Chris Page

This paper discusses the incentives and opportunities for the foundation of Michael Penistan's engineering business. It explores the difficulties that such small firms experienced in acquiring financial capital to enable them to develop ideas and open up new markets.

The paper reviews the type and range of products that his company produced and his marketing strategy. It charts Penistan's move from the grocery business into engineering, initially with success, but growth resulted in heavy financial commitments and this eventually led to disaster and bankruptcy.

Penistan's social commitments are appraised, showing his interest in local politics and the improvement of his city. The circumstances surrounding the collapse of his business are discussed noting the sympathy that was expressed by fellow councillors and business leaders.

This account is set within the backdrop of a rapidly growing city and an expanding economy, but markets were becoming more competitive as the century progressed and Penistan was one of many who suffered a similar fate.

Ludford, Lincolnshire: Small-Scale Investigations of a Roman Roadside Settlement
Richard Bradley, Robin Jackson and Steve Willis

Exploratory work for the purposes of supporting an application for a Higher Level Environmental Stewardship Scheme was carried out by Worcestershire Archaeology in 2012 and 2013 across a field believed to include the site of an Iron Age and Roman roadside settlement close to Ludford, Lincolnshire.

This involved contour mapping, test pitting, geophysical survey and small-scale trial trenching. The potential extents and character of the remains were determined and the level of preservation of deposits under threat from arable cultivation was assessed.

Combined with the existing knowledge of the surrounding archaeology and previous work in the vicinity, the investigations provided important further evidence to support the identification of the site as that of a Romano-British 'small town'.

As a result of the work, an agreement was put in place with the landowner to limit damage through cultivation on deposits at the site for at least ten years.

The Fossdyke Navigation, 1670-1826
R C Wheeler

The Fossdyke is an artificial cut of great antiquity which connects Lincoln to the River Trent. Its early history is known principally from complaints about inadequate depth of water, and this theme recurs persistently up to the 1820s, when the complainants instigated a chancery suit against the lessees of the Fossdyke.

The paper covers the period from the passing of a private act that governed the navigation up to the start of the chancery suit, and seeks to show that the problems of lack of water were by no means the result of neglect but stemmed from the incompatibility between the drainage and navigation functions. This incompatibility was eventually resolved by the provision of a separate system of drainage for the low lands adjoining the Fossdyke. The problems in achieving this were not so much engineering ones as political.

The paper describes the mechanism set up to protect the interests of riparian landowners and its inadequacies. The real power of the landowners lay in their ability to impede necessary developments by opposing a further private act. It was this that caused the lessee of the Fossdyke to break the log-jam by buying out the proprietor who was most strongly opposed to an independent drainage.

By their shrewd deals, the Fossdyke lessees not only secured for themselves a sizeable income; they also fostered a massive increase in trade between central Lincolnshire and the industrial north, a trade which provided the markets for agricultural growth in Lincolnshire and which also provided the flour and malt on which the workers of Lancashire and the West Riding depended.

A Note on 'Wulfwig's Purchase': A Red Herring in Louth's Historiography
Paul Everson and David Stocker

Using the evidence of Domesday Book, this article proposes that — contrary to some modern historians' accounts — the gift of a group of Lindsey estates to bishop Wulfwig of Dorchester-on-Thames (d. 1067) did not include Louth, and did not form the basis of the bishop of Lincoln's major post-Conquest estate there, which had far older origins.

This proposition opens the way for the town at Louth to be considered as a foundation of the tenth-century rather than a later eleventh-century initiative: a proposition that we explore fully elsewhere.

Mowbray and Co Ltd, Brewers of Grantham (1837-1952)
Adam Cartwright

Established in 1828 at their brewery in Grantham, Mowbray's supplied beer, wines and spirits to over 200 pubs across Lincolnshire and surrounding counties for over one hundred years. Mowbray's started as a family business but within twenty years other local businessmen had taken control.

After a period of stagnation the firm was incorporated in 1887 as Mowbray and Co Ltd under the leadership of managing director Arthur Hutchinson. He expanded the new company, buying pubs and taking over competitors, such as Dawber's of Lincoln and Hunt's of Stamford.

The effects of enforced pub closures and conscription in the First World War are discussed and the challenges of the inter-war years explored, including the drive to build new pubs, especially on housing estates.

There is a summary of the many works outings and galas which the company provided. An account of Second World War bomb damage to pubs and the brewery is included and the company's most popular houses are listed by beer volume sales.

In 1952, Mowbray's Brewery was sold to national brewer I W Green, which itself was absorbed by the brewing giant Whitbreads in 1962. The local brewing industry has declined but some of the brewery buildings in Grantham still survive.

A New Perspective on a Roman Phallic Carving from South Kesteven, Lincolnshire
Adam Parker

The Portable Antiquities Scheme recorded a rare discovery of a phallic carving from Braceby and Sapperton, Lincolnshire, in 2008. It is recorded as a phallic carving, depicting an erect penis with testicles below and vagina above'.

In light of comparable evidence both within Britain and the Roman Empire, this short paper argues that it instead depicts a popular apotropaic image in which an erect phallus is physically attacking an image of the Evil Eye.

The imagery depicted, although a well-established 'scene', is a unique interpretation of this type in Roman Britain. Although this carving is unstratified, phallic carvings are often used in liminal places, providing a constant, passive protection without need for additional interaction.

The Finding of the Witham Shield
R C Wheeler

The Witham Shield is a spectacular Iron Age object found in the bed of the River Witham in 1826. It would be useful to know how the find-spot relates to the contemporary landscape, in particular to the places where there is evidence for large-scale ritual deposition.

This paper examines the earliest reports of the finding of the shield to establish the fullest possible account. A fairly precise date is known and this is linked to the chronology of the improvements taking place at the time.

The shield is first recorded in the possession of the surveyor J S Padley, and the paper offers an explanation for how this came about. Most usefully, the shield was described as the property of Humphrey Sibthorp, Rector of Washingborough, and a knowledge of the rectorial land in that parish makes it possible to associate the find with six short lengths of river. One of these lengths is close to the Fiskerton Causeway, a site where two successive excavations have uncovered a rich variety of items that appear to be ritual deposits.

The nature of the shield is such that it could have been carried a short distance by the current; however, the nearest of the identified lengths of river is upstream of the causeway rather than downstream.

Pursuing the Pomerium: The Ritual and Reality of the Sacred Boundary of Lindum Colonia
Antony Lee

The pomerium was the ancient boundary surrounding Rome, believed to have originated as the wall that Remus contemptuously leapt over, only to be slain by his brother Romulus. Distinct from the defensive walls, the pomerium formed an important spiritual threshold in the Roman imagination and had a tangible role to play in the governance and religious rites of the city.

Roman authors such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus tell us that towns across Rome's provinces were also imbued with such sacred boundaries at their foundation, and the Coloniae are likely to have been among them. It took the form of the ploughing of a ritual furrow, the sulcus primigenius, positioned where the town walls would subsequently be constructed.

Archaeological evidence for this practice is scant; hardly surprising considering the faint impact left by a plough furrow and its self-destructive relationship with the walls. Nevertheless, artistic, numismatic, epigraphic and literary evidence exists to suggest that such ritual boundaries were perceived to exist and affected the daily lives of the residents of provincial Coloniae.

The existence of the pomerium at Lincoln has been presumed in some earlier studies, but the practicalities of its creation and the impact it may have had on the religious life of the established town have not previously been explored. This paper attempts to demonstrate that the creation of the sulcus primigenius is compatible with our understanding of the foundation of the Colonia and the construction of its defences.

Evidence for the original extent of the pomerium and the issue of whether the pomerium was enlarged when the lower enclosure was completed are discussed.

Women Munition Workers in Lincoln during the First World War
Ann Yeates-Langley

During the period 2014 to 2018 the SLHA are publishing various articles and books describing the county's involvement in the First World War and its impact on Lincolnshire people. The role of women in the munitions factories of the county is a significant aspect of this study.

By 1914 Lincoln, Grantham, Gainsborough and Stamford were important engineering centres and during the war produced a great many munitions including aircraft and, most famously, played a major role in the development of the tank. Large numbers of women were employed in the munitions factories to take the place of men who had joined the armed forces. Now, a century later, none of these women are alive.

In the early 1990s Ann Yeates-Langley (then Ann Wright) carried out research (for her M.Ed. with Nottingham University) during the course of which she interviewed a number of elderly women who had worked in munitions factories in Lincoln.

One outcome of this research was an article recording those interviews published in 1997 in the former journal East Midland Historian (EMH), Volume 7. In view of the important contribution that women munitions workers made to Lincoln's involvement in the First World War, and the lack of women's voices in history, Ann's article is re-published here with the permission of the last editor of the former EMH.

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2013: Archaeology and Historic Buildings

Cover illustration: Roman Canal, Lincolnshire - water colour painting of the Fossdyke by Peter de Wint (1784-1849)

No. 48 - 2013

Published 2016

Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Spalding, May 1767
Michael Honeybone and Diana Honeybone

Margaret Skipwith of South Ormsby: A Lincolnshire Mistress of Henry VIII
Elizabeth Norton

Archaeological Investigations along the Route of the A1073, Spalding-Eye Improvement Scheme
Andy Failes and Mark Peachey

Diary of an Epidemic: Scotter 1890
Moira Eminson

An Oath of Allegience to King-George III, 1781-1804
Albert J Schmidt

Allegiance to King George III: Loyalism, Property and Taxes in the Lives of South Lincolnshire Countrymen, 1781-1804
Albert J Schmidt

Four Whetstones from Roman Fiskerton: a Wealden (Surrey/West Sussex) product in Lincolnshire
J R L Allen

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2012: Archaeology and Historic Buildings
Mark Bennet

Industrial Archaeology Notes

* Donington on Bain Station - The Second Platform - Stewart Squires

* Sutton Bridge Dock - Ken Redmore

 

Cover illustration: Horkstow Roman mosaic - engraving by William Fowler of Winterton, 1799

No. 47 - 2012

Published 2015

Thoughts on the Roman Bridge at Lincoln
Michael Lewis

Country House Tramways: Belton House, Harlaxton Manor and Stoke Rochford Hall
Stewart Squires

Soulby Sons & Winch Ltd
Adam Cartwright

Skegness, Mablethorpe and Cleethorpes : Contrasts of Land Ownership and Investment in the Development of Seaside Resorts
Ruth Neller

The Rise of Clayton and Shuttleworth
Rob Wheeler

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2011: archaeology and historic buildings
Mark Bennet

Industrial Archaeology Notes

* Wragby Railway Goods Yard - Sleaford U3A Group

* Gunby Hall Water Supply - Eric D Newton 

* Horncastle Navigation: Poling Holes - Ken Redmore

* Withcall Farm Water Supply - Eric D Newton

No. 46 - 2011

Published 2014

Tealby, the Taifali and the End of Roman Lincolnshire
Thomas Green

Skegness: a History of Railway Excursions
Ruth Neller

John Stokeld: Life and Works
Michael Czajkowski

Lincoln, Sewerage and Government Inspectors
Beryl George

Industrial Archaeology Notes

* Remains of FIDO at RAF Metheringham
   Ken Redmore

* Former Water Mill at 1 Lincoln Road, Branston
   Stewart Squires

* Steppingstone Bridge, Spalding
   Stewart Squires

* Woodhall Junction Urinal
   Stewart Squires

The Historic Environment in LIncolnshire 2010: Archaeology and Historic Buildings

No. 45 - 2010

Published 2012

Archaeological Excavations on Land to the East of Cartergate, Grimsby
Michael Rowe

Rainforths of Lincoln
Adam Cartwright

Reminiscences of the Open Road: Tricycling to London with Joseph Fowler
John Hardy

The Greetwell Ironstone Mine
Stewart Squires

Updated References to Paper Mills in Lincolnshire, 1600 to 2010
Daven Chamberlain

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• Branston Hall Gasworks
  Ken Redmore
• Water Supply at Grange Farm, Langton-by-Spilsby
  Chris Lester and Ken Redmore
• Castle Bytham Lime Kiln
  Stewart Squires
• A Wheelwright's Tyre Oven at Horncastle
  Chris Lester and Ken Redmore

The Historic Environment in LIncolnshire, 2009 : Archaeology and Historic Buildings

No. 44 - 2009

Published 2011

Caistor Canal
Christopher Padley

Previously published accounts of the funding, construction, operation and demise of this canal are incomplete and contain inaccuracies. This article, based on primary sources, aims to remedy these deficiencies and present a comprehensive history of the canal.

The canal, completed in c1794, attempted to link Caistor, an important market and administrative centre, with the river Ancholme and thence to the Humber and east coast and Yorkshire trading centres. However, for financial reasons, the canal terminated at Moortown, some three miles (and over 100 feet in elevation) short of Caistor. It closed in c1860. Some of the stone-built locks survive in surprisingly complete condition.

• Download Additional Information about the canal.
  (LHA-44-2009-Caistor-Appendices.pdf - 15KB)
   
• There are additional illustrations of the canal in our Photo Gallery 

Lincolnshire Tickets, Checks and Passes of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
John T Turner
Full-sized images of some 80 items (mostly small circular discs; some of metal, some of plastic) from Lincolnshire firms, inns, transport, police and farms, with brief explanatory notes.

Lawyering and Politics in Lincolnshire: the Smith-Heathcote Connection, 1760s to 1850s
Albert Schmidt
This paper examines Benjamin Smith's law firm founded in Horbling, near Sleaford, in 1760 and considers the political implications of one of its client relationships, that with the affluent Heathcote family of Normanton (Rutland) and Folkingham. Here is an good local example of the political role played by country attorneys in that watershed century, 1750 to 1850.

Grand Deviations: The Course of the River Witham in Boston
Neil R Wright
Both historic and cartographic evidence are used to identify the course of the Witham between Anton's Gowt and the centre of Boston before the re-alignment of the river in 1764-66.
Download corrected copies of maps here.

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• Canwick Hall Sewage Treatment Plant - Alan Singleton
  A gallery of additional illustrations can be viewed
• Evedon Siding and the Slea Navigation - Stewart Squires

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2008: Archaeology and Historic Buildings
Edited by Mark Bennet
Notes on archaeological work at 63 sites and surveys of 24 historic buildings mainly carried out between 1 April 2008 and 31 December 2008. Also included are notes, compiled by Adam Daubney, on 28 archaeological objects that were reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme during 2008.

Notes of site investigations in Lincolnshire during 2008 with largely negative results are appended here (listed alphabetically by parish).
(Download HEL-2007-2008-Negative-Interventions.pdf - 25KB)

Book Reviews
Reviews of 25 books and a list of a further 69 books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people, published in 2009.

 

No. 43 - 2008

Published 2010

Little Sturton Rediscovered: Part 2: Sturton Old Hall and its owners
Paul Everson, Beryl Lott and David Stocker

Lincolnshire Gentry Houses in Transition: The Architectural Context of Little Sturton Old Hall
Beryl Lott

St Swithin's Church Baumber and the Burial of the Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne
Paul Everson and David Stocker

The Historic Environment in Lincolnshire 2007 to 2008
Edited by Mark Bennet
Notes on archaeological work and surveys of historic buildings mainly carried out between 1 April 2007 and 31 March 2008 at approximately 125 sites. Also included are notes, compiled by Adam Daubney, on 22 archaeological objects that were reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme during 2007.

Notes of site investigations in Lincolnshire during 2007/08 with largely negative results are appended here (listed alphabetically by parish).
Download: HEL-2007-2008-Negative-Interventions.pdf -35KB

Book Reviews
Reviews of 5 books and a list of a further 77 books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people, published in 2008.

 

No. 42 - 2007

Flora Murray, 1913-2009, Obituary
Miss Flora Murray's interests and activities were extensive, ranging from civic societies and the Women's Institute, to music, art and architectural societies in the county. She was closely involved with the forerunner societies which eventually became SLHA in 1974. Her outstanding and selfless work was recognised in the award of the OBE in 1972.

Alan Vince, 1952-2009, Obituary
Alan Vince, as a young archaeologist in London, produced pioneering work on the classification of Anglo-Saxon and medieval pottery. He joined the Lincoln Archaeological Unit in 1988 and played a key role in an important series of excavations. As editor of Internet Archaeology, an on-line journal, Alan demonstrated his particular expertise in ICT applications.

Sir Joseph Banks and the Draining of the East, West and Wildmore Fens, 1773 to 1801
R C Wheeler

Thomas Oldham Esq of Saltfleetby: Typical Farmer, Aspiring Gentleman of Plain Eccentric
Christopher Smith

Keeping the Flame Burning: The Revival of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society from 1889 to 1911
Chris Renn

The Ancestry of Baroness Thatcher
Edward J Davies

A Treasure Beneath our Feet: The Fields of Belton in Axholme
Terry Fulton

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• The Walesby Shaft
  Stewart Squires
  
  

Archaeology in Lincolnshire 2006-2007
Edited by Mark Bennet
Notes on archaeological work and surveys of historic buildings mainly carried out between 1 April 2006 and 31 March 2007 at approximately 150 sites. Also included are notes, compiled by Adam Daubney, on 31 archaeological objects that were reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme during 2006.
Notes of site investigations (pdf document 36.6KB) in Lincolnshire during 2006/07 with largely negative results are appended here (listed alphabetically by parish).

Book Reviews
Reviews of 22 books and a list of a further 105 books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people, published in 2007.

No. 41 - 2006

Jim Johnston, died 2007, Obituary
Dr Jim Johnston was one of the Society's and Lincolnshire's most eminent historians, best remembered for his pioneering work on probate inventories and his role as Vice-Principal of Bishop Grosseteste College.

Pregion's Progress: The Life and Times of a Lincolnshire Yeoman Family, 1570 to 1753
Joan and Dennis Mills
This study of the Pregion family of Canwick traces its fortunes from the first mention in 1570 to the death of Robert II, the last resident male, in 1724 and on through the female line to 1753. The family developed considerable farming assets in Canwick and Branston, and this wealth ensured that the daughters of Robert II married well, demonstrating how far up the social scale it was possible to travel from yeoman beginnings. This substantial article draws on a succession of probate inventories and various parish records.

Possible Roman Roads from Caistor and a Possible Fort at Cleethorpes
Richard Oliver
The author proposes a Roman route from Caistor to Cleethorpes using as evidence existing roads, trackways and boundaries over a substantial part of the route. The existence of this road supports the theory that a Roman fort existed at Cleethorpes to defend the Humber estuary. A second road is proposed from a point east of Caistor to Healing thence across the Humber to the Yorkshire coast.

An Iron Age Site at South Witham Quarry, Lincolnshire
Kate Nicholson and other contributors
This is a detailed account of two periods of excavation (2002 and 2004) at a site between Thistleton and South Witham which yielded extensive evidence of activity during the Iron Age and first-century AD. Some of the finds suggest structured or votive deposits which could contribute to an understanding of the beliefs and concerns of the population.

A List of the Alderman of Medieval Stamfordf with some light thrown on the dating clauses of medieval property deeds
Alan Rogers
Lists of aldermen from 1337 to 1500 are given together with their sources and explanatory notes. The principal source in the early years is property deeds, and the dates quoted therein contain potential errors. Latterly the sources become more reliable.

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• Blacksmith's and Saddler's Shop, Market Place, Wragby
  Stewart Squires
  A report on a building originating in the late eighteenth century containing a forge and wheelwright's hooping plate.
  

• First World War Searchlight Position, Lincoln
  Mike Osborne
  A description of a searchlight base associated with an anti-aircraft gun known to have been in the vicinity.
  

• Wragby Station Building
  David Raines and the Sleaford U3A
  A report of a survey prior to the remodelling of the interior.
  

Archaeology in Lincolnshire 2005-2006
Edited by Mark Bennet
Notes on archaeological work mainly carried out between 1 April 2005 and 31 March 2006 at approximately 140 sites together with the location of the detailed reports and an additional list of a further 100 sites where little or nothing was found.

Book Reviews
Reviews of 21 books and a list of a further 100 books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people.

No. 40 - 2005

Little Sturton Rediscovered: Part 1 : The Grange of Kirkstead Abbey
Paul Everson and David Stocker
Sir Frank Stenton suggested that Kirkstead Abbey was first located at Great Sturton prior to a move a few miles along the north bank of the river Witham. There are several strong pointers in the original documents used by Stenton which infer that the early site was probably in Tattershall rather than Sturton. Close examination of several documentary sources and the local topography lend support to the view that Little Sturton in Baumber parish was in fact the site for a grange attached to Kirkstead Abbey.

New Sources Illuminate Lincolnshire Naturalist
Trevor Kerry
Revd Francis Linley Blathwayt (1875-1953) served in Lincolnshire churches until 1919 (later Dorset) and was an outstanding naturalist with a national reputation. A number of documents and other information - listed here - are available to provide detail about his life and work.
(Trevor Kerry has recently published an account of Blathwayt's life entitled: 'Of Roseates and Rectories')

Funerary Activity and Boundary Demarcation in the Lincolnshire Landscape
Nicola Toop and Andrew Copp
A recent archaeological watching brief and evaluation programme, during the construction of a gas pipeline between Silk Willoughby, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, and Staythorpe Power Station, Newark, Nottinghamshire, encountered remains of all periods, from prehistory to the present day. Some of the most significant finds were represented by late Neolithic to Bronze Age burial monuments, and Iron Age pit alignments, encountered at the sites of Doddington Littlegate, Frieston Road, Normanton Heath, South Rauceby and Quarrington. It is suggested that both forms of monument would have served to demarcate territory and claim land.

The Rich of Bassingham, Lincolnshire 1655-1799
J A Johnston
Five parish documents listing land and property ownership are used to identify the more affluent members of Bassingham (11 miles south-west of Lincoln) over a period of a century and a half. By reference to other parish records the characteristics of these families (e.g. mobility, kinship, multiple landownership) are identified and discussed.
(Dr Jim Johnston, eminent Lincolnshire local historian and lecturer in history at Bishop Grosseteste University College, Lincoln, died in 2007.)

Worlaby and the Witching Shoe: Two Thousand Years of Archaeology in a North Lincolnshire Village
Will Munford
A small excavation linked to housing development revealed a substantial Iron Age ditch, Anglo-Saxon pottery and the remains of medieval domestic properties.

Stagnation and Progress: Contradictions in the Inter-War English Village, Binbrook, Lincolnshire, 1918-1939
Charles Rawding
The countryside of Eastern England during the inter-war period has been chacterised as being in economic decline with dwindling populations. However, as this study of Binbrook in the Lincolnshire Wolds reveals, this was only part of a more complex story where modernisation and change were taking place simultaneously with decline and stagnation.

Jeffrey May, 1936-2006, Obituary
Jeffrey May was one of the pre-eminent prehistorians of Lincolnshire, having worked on its archaeology for some 45 years. Among his many publications was the first volume, Prehistoric Lincolnshire, in the SLHA History of Lincolnshire series.

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• Burgh Le Marsh Windmill: Its Early History
  Catherine Wilson
  A detailed examination of the various sources of information about the original construction and later refitting of this fine 5-sailed mill in the nineteenth century.
  

• Thorganby Hall Waterwheel:
  Jon A Sass
  This small structure, a short distance from Thorganby Hall, houses a breastshot waterwheel which once ground corn but in the first half of the twentieth century powered an electrical generator serving the house and farm buildings.
  
  

Archaeology in Lincolnshire: 2004-2005
Site by site notes of work that has taken place at about 80 locations, largely as a result of development controlled by the planning system. (There are also notes of about 60 sites where a watching brief was carried out but results were substantially negative.) Full reports of the work have been deposited with the appropriate Historic Environment Record or Sites and Monuments Record, where they are available for consultation.

Book Reviews
Detailed reviews of 34 books and listing of 113 other newly issued books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people.

No. 39 - 2004

J S Padley as an Antiquary
R C Wheeler
James Sandby Padley (1792-1881), was born at Mablethorpe and began work as a surveyor with the Ordnance Survey in Lincolnshire in 1819. Circumstances led to his becoming, in effect, Lincoln's principal surveyor from 1825 until his death. Padley soon became a collector of topographical papers (e.g. articles from Archaeologia) and antiquities (Roman amphorae, pottery and sword). He also showed his skill as an artist in a variety of commissions, and his drawings of the Witham Shield and Newport Arch are noteworthy. From the 1840s he completed accomplished sketches of a number of old buildings in the county. In later life his business success appears to have limited the time Padley devoted to his antiquarian interests.

Archaeological Discoveries on the Silk Willoughby to Staythorpe Gas Pipeline
Nicola Toop
The main archaeological findings - briefly reported - associated with this pipeline construction were as follows:

• Silk Willoughby: four linear features of Roman date;third to fourth-century pottery;medieval plough furrows and enclosure ditch
• Silk Willoughby: Roman road (Mareham Lane); Bronze Age pottery; Roman burial with pottery
• North Field: hearth in sub-rectangular pit (undated)
• Quarrington: Anglo-Saxon cemetery; Bronze Age pits with cremated bone
• South Rauceby: late Neolithic burial platform; third-century Roman pottery
• Waterwell Lane: Roman linear features; third to fourth-century sherds
• Normanton Hill: Linear feature (undated)
• Normanton Hill: ten pits of late Iron Age
• Normanton, Grange Farm: linear features; medieval brick
• Normanton, Lakeside Farm: first to second century AD field system and emclosure; domestic pottery, including Nene valley ware
• Hough Lodge: medieval furrows
• Frieston Road: early Bronze Age ring ditch; aligned pits with Bronze Age/Iron Age sherds and hammerstone; Anglo-Saxon grubenhaus with post holes, pottery and bones
• Sand Beck: linear features and ditches (undated)
• Doddington Littlegate: Bronze Age cemetery
• Clensley Lane: Roman pottery; linear feature
• Doddington Bridge: domestic settlement of first to second century AD
• Holmes Lane: Linear features and pits; Iron Age pottery
• Bennington Fen, Fen Farm: Linear features; Roman pottery
• Bennington Fen, Willow Tree Farm: Linear features (undated)

An Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Quarrington, near Sleaford: Report on Excavations, 2000-2001
Tania M Dickinson
The early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in the Kesteven part of Lincolnshire form two distinctive distribution patterns: a north-south line along, or just to the west of, the former Roman towns of Lincoln and Ancaster, of which the best known is an outlier near its southern tip, a large mixed-rite site at Loveden Hill; and a cluster in the south-east, of which the best known are Ruskington and Sleaford, essentially inhumation cemeteries but with a handful of cremations each. This paper reports on the excavation of a small inhumation burial site just 2.5 km west-south-west of the Sleaford cemetery in the parish of Quarrington. A detailed illustrated catalogue of graves and grave goods forms a large part of the report; relevant references to both specific field work reports and general texts are included.

The Smith Firm's Partners and their Times: A Postscript
Albert J Schmidt
An article by the author about B Smith and Company, solicitors of Donington and Horbling, was published in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 37 (2002). Smith's was a rural firm of solicitors which practised in south Lincolnshire without a break for almost 250 years and an extremely large and comprehensive range of business papers and personal records have survived. This follow up article gives details of the firm's activities from 1854 to 1959 and is illustrated by portraits of principal members of the firm from this period.

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• Site of a Woad Mill in Tattershall Road, Boston
  Neil Wright
  Details of the various elements of this site are extracted from surveys of the area undertaken prior to development by railway companies. Other information is extracted from trade directories and census returns. The mill was demolished in the early 1850s.
  

• Horkstow Bridge: The Chain Anchorages
  Chris Lester
  Access to the chambers surrounding the anchorages revealed the housing of the anchor plates. There are explanatory drawings and photographs.
  

• Railway Footbridges, South Common, Lincoln
  David Raines
  A brief note of the former GNR footbridges on the edge of Lincoln's South Common, with photograph and drawings.
  

• Tathwell Lake and Water Supply
  Chris Lester & Ken Redmore
  This artificial lake supplied water via a ram pump to at least two farms in the village. A photograph and drawings accompany the account.
  

• Dogdyke Pumping Station, near Tattershall
  David Raines
  A brief description of this mid-nineteenth century pumping station, with drawings and photograph of scoop wheel.
  

• King's Mill, Stamford
  David Raines
  This watermill alongside the Welland close to the town centre has medieval origins. A brief note with photograph and drawings.
  

Archaeology in Lincolnshire: 2003-2004
Site by site notes of work that has taken place at over 160 locations, largely as a result of development controlled by the planning system. (There are also notes of about 110 sites where a watching brief was carried out.) Full reports of the work have been deposited with the appropriate Historic Environment Record or Sites and Monuments Record, where they are available for consultation.

Book Reviews
Detailed reviews of 8 books and listing of 83 other newly issued books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people.

No. 38 - 2003

Hall Farm, Baston, Lincolnshire: Investigation of a Late Saxon Village and Medieval Manorial Complex
Gary Taylor
A lengthy illustrated report on two years of excavation and geophysical survey at a 200m x 200m site south of the church in Baston (TF114138). Saxo-Norman material from the ninth to mid-twelfth century includes pottery; post-holes of a timber structure; animal bones; iron smithy. Medieval deposits form the mid-twelfth to mid-fourteenth century contain: iron industrial residues; stone walls; pottery; tiles; animal and fish bones; hearths and ovens; grain pits. The nature of the settlements and the significance of the various finds are discussed in detail.

Traiectus/Tric/Skegness: A Domesday Name Explained
Arthur Owen and Richard Coates
Linguistic and documentary evidence is marshalled to support the name Tric for a settlement at or near Skegness, the probable crossing point for a ferry to Norfolk in Roman times.

Tuxford and Sons of Boston - a Family Business
Neil R Wright
Tuxford and Sons, an engineering firm that rose to international standing, operated in Boston from the 1840s to 1880s. This article looks at the firm’s origins and development, with particular reference to the contribution of the various family members and the succession of sites in the town occupied by the firm.

Archaeology in Lincolnshire 2002-03
Site by site notes of work that has taken place at over 180 locations, largely as a result of development controlled by the planning system. Full reports of the work have been deposited with the appropriate Historic Environment Record or Sites and Monuments Record, where they are available for consultation.

Industrial Archaeology Notes

• Claxby Ironstone Mine
  Stewart Squires
  Follow-up article to correct previous interpretation of surface workings relating to the railway siding, main mine entrance and surface tramway.
  

• RAF North Coates Missile Site
  John T Turner
  An outline of the history of the site and note of remaining structures - control buildings for Type 82 and 87 radar arrays; launch control block and pads for Bristol Bloodhound missiles.
  

• Whitehaven Farm, Horncastle
  Catherine Wilson and Ken Redmore
  Description and drawings of farm buildings and house for a 50-acre smallholding built c1922. Construction is in situ concrete.
  

Book Reviews
Detailed reviews of 17 books and listing of 115 other newly issued books to do with Lincolnshire history, archaeology, places and people.

No. 37 - 2002

1. Excavations at Barrow Road, Barton-upon-Humber, 1999-2000
   Jeremy Bradley
   
   
2. The Reverend Gilbert Nicholas Smith, 1796-1877
   H B Williams
   
   
3. Interim Report on Archaelogical Fieldwork North of Mount Pleasant House, Nettleton and Rothwell
   Steven Willis
   
   
4. Partners and their Times: the Smith Firm in History
   Albert T Schmidt
   
   
5. Evidence for Late Bronze Age Activity on the Site of the Former Stock Market at Brigg, North Lincolnshire
   Nicholas Mitchell and Christopher Bell
   
   
6. Archaeology in Lincolnshire, 2002
   James Albone and Maomi Field
   

No. 36 - 2001

1. The History of Lincolnshire Committee
   R A Carroll
   
   
2. Fieldwork at Chapel Road, Fillingham
   J L Buckberry and D M Hadley
   
   
3. The Renaissance Parclose Screens in the Church of All Saints, Theddlethorpe
   Allan B Barton
   
   
4. New Light on Charles De Laet Waldo-Sibthorp, 1783-1855
   Joan and Dennis Mills and Michael Trott
   
   
5. The Tithe Files: A Source for the Local Historian
   Charles Rawding
   
   
6. The Meeting Place of Langoe Wapentake
   Aliki Pantos
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   (a) Dyke (Bourne): Smock Mill
   (b) Langworth: Manor Farm
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire, 2001
   James Albone and Naomi Field
   

No. 35 - 2000

1. Furniture and Furnishings in Seventeenth-Century Lincoln
   J A Johnston
   
   
2. A Possible Iron Age Barrow Monument and Anglo-Saxon Cemetery Site at Kirkby la Thorpe
   Linda Bonnor and Mark Allen
   
   
3. 'John of Gaunt's Palace' and the Sutton Family of Lincoln
   S H Rigby
   
   
4. The Kirkstead (Woodhall Spa) Coalfield
   Michael Czajkowski
   
   
5. Spalding Priory and Its Serfs in the Fifteenth Century
   E D Jones
   
   
6. Archaeology in Lincolnshire, 2000
   James Albone and Naomi Field
   

No. 34 - 1999

1. 'A Very Goodly House Longging to Sutton ...': A Reconstruction of 'John of Gaunt's Palace', Lincoln
   David A Stocker
   
   
2. Moulton Mill
   J A Sass
   
   
3. George Frederick Devaliant MC: The Story of a Soldier
   Rosalind Boyce
   
   
4. Political Assassination in Lincoln? The Strange Death of Coningsby Sibthorp
   Michael Trott
   
   
5. The Peacock Family Archive: An Interpretive Survey
   Eileen Elder
   
   
6. Claxby Ironstone Mine
   Stewart Squires and Rex Russell
   
   
7. Archaeology in Lincolnshire 1999
   Naomi Field and Mark Bennet
   

No. 33 - 1998

1. Further Excavations at the Iron Age Enclosure at Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire by Peter Chowne, 1986
   Rachael H Seager Smith
   
   
2. Furniture and Furnishing in Lincoln and Lincolnshire, 1567-1600
   J A Johnston
   
   
3. The Material Manifestation of Secular Piety and the Impact of the Lincolnshire Rising of 1536
   John R Ketteringham
   
   
4. A Case Study at Canwick of the Enduring Influence of Monastic Houses
   Joan & Dennis Mills
   
   
5. Two Roman Sites on the Pipeline from Blyborough, Lincolnshire, to Cottam, Nottinghamshire
   Nicholas Cooke and Rachael H Seager Smith
   
   
6. Merchet Practice on the Spalding Priory Manor of Sutton from 1253 to 1477
   E D Jones
   
   
7. Industrial Archaology Notes
   (a) Lincoln: Stamp End Railway Bridge
   (b) Boston: William Howden, Engineer 
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire
   Naomi Field and Ian George
   

No. 32 - 1997

1. From Farming to Food: Forty Years of Lincolnshire History
   Joan Thirsk
   
   
2. 'A Most Ingenious Authoress': Frances Brooks (1724-1789) and her Lincolnshire Connections
   Wendy J Atkin
   
   
3. 'Also a Soldier ...: Evidence for a Mithraeum in Lincoln?
   David A Stocker
   
   
4. Lawyer Professionalism in Rural England: Changes in Routines and Rewards in the Early Nineteenth Centur
   Albert J Schmidt
   
   
5. More about Claribel
   Martin Loft
   
   
6. Louth before Domesday
   A E B Owen
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   (a) Tattershall: Bridge over the Witham
   (b) Bracebridge Heath: St John's Hospital Water Tower
   (c) Stenigot: Ace High Communication Station, RAF Stenigot
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire
   Naomi Field and Ian George
   

No. 31 - 1996

1. Iron Age Pottery from Salmonby
   S M Elsdon
   
   
2. Two Middle Saxon Grubenhauser at St Nicholas School, Boston
   Colin Palmer-Brown
   
   
3. Share and Share Alike: Some Partitions of Medieval Manors
   A E B Owen
   
   
4. Population Trends in Lincolnshire, 1601-1800
   J A Johnston
   
   
5. A Career in the Law: Clerkship and the Profession in Late Eighteenth-Century Lincolnshire
   Albert J Schmidt
   
   
6. The Promotion of Tattershall Bridge and the Sleaford to Tattershall Turnpike
   W M Hunt
   
   
7. Tennyson Studies: Some Materials Relating to Emily Sellwood and Charles and Louisa Turner
   Christopher Sturman
   
   
8. Lincolnshire and South Humberside in Periodical Literature: 1983-1995
   Mark Bennet
   
   
9. Archaeology in LIncolnshire
   Naomi Field and Ian George
   

No. 30 - 1995

1. Frank Henthorn: Appreciation
   
   
2. Some Recent Finds of Celtic-Type Vehicle Fittings from Lincolnshire
   Kevin Leahy
   
   
3. Excavations at Aylesby, South Humberside, 1994
   Ken Steedman and Martin Foreman
   
   
4. The Exemption of the Order of Sempringham
   Peter McDonald
   
   
5. Accounts for the Rectory of Wainfleet St Mary for the Year 2 February 1475 to 1 February 1476
   Dorothy M Owen
   
   
6. The 'Great Experiment': The Place of Lincoln in the History of Psychiatry
   Leonard D Smith
   
   
7. Lincolnshire's Parson Poet Laureate
   H B Williams
   
   
8. The Industrial Heritage of Boston
   Mark Bennet
   
   
9. Archaeology in Lincolnshire
   N Field and I George
   

No. 29 - 1994

1. Terence Leach: Obituary
    
2. Professor Herbert Hallam: Obituary
    
3. Hereward 'the Wake' and the Barony of Bourne: A Reassessment of a Fenland Legend
   David Roffe
    
4. Edward Pawlett of Grantham: A Provincial Bookseller 1660-1687
   John B Manterfield
    
5. The Smith-Kelham-Langdale Nexus: Country Attorneys, Family Connections, and London Business in the Early Nineteenth Century
   Albert J Schmidt
    
6. The Diary of the Reverend John Robinson
   Douglas Boyce
    
7. Turner's Lincolnshire Connections: Prospects, Progeny and Politics
   Selby Whittingham
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire
   N Field and I George
   

No. 28 - 1993

1. Excavation of Two Pits of an Alignment at Moor Lane, Long Bennington, Lincolnshire
   Kate Fearn
   
   
2. Prehistoric and Anglo-Saxon Remains at Nettleton Top, Nettleton
   Naomi Field and Kevin Leahy
   
   
3. Beyond the Sea Bank: Sheep on the Huttoft Outmarsh in the Early Thirteenth Century
   A E B Owen
   
   
4. Mrs Lloyd's Recollections of Tennyson in the 1830s
   Christopher Sturman
   
   
5. The Peacocks of North-West Lincolnshire: Collectors and Recorders of Lincolnshire Dialect from c1850 to 1920
   Eileen Elder
   
   
6. Binbrook in 1910: The Use of the Finance (1909-1910) Act Records
   Charles Rawding and Brian Short

No. 27 - 1992

1. Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Pottery from Pits at Barnetby Wold Farm
   Peter Didsbury and Ken Steedman
   
   
2. The South Bail Gates of Lincoln
   Christopher Johnson and Alan Vince
   
   
3. Lincolnshire and the East Midlands: A Historian's Perspective
   J V Beckett
   
   
4. Social Change in the Eighteenth Century: The Evidence in Wills from Six Lincolnshire Parishes
   J A Johnston
   
   
5. The Tennyson d'Eyncourt Nicknames
   J Murray
   
   
6. Castle Carlton: The Origins of a Medieval 'New Town'
   A E B Owen
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   (a) Lincoln: Cross o'Cliff Brickworks
   

No. 26 - 1991

1. Professor Maurice Barley: Obituary
   
   
2. Michael Lloyd: Obituary
    
3. 1771 and 1791: A Study in Population Mobility
   Ruth Tinley and Dennis Mills
    
4. Working-Class Pleasure Excursions to and from Lincoln, 1846 to 1914
   Eleanor Nannestad
    
5. Lady Franklin in Lincolnshire, 1835
   Christopher Sturman
    
6. Mr Walkington's Verses to my Lord Cranbourne
   Joan Williams
    
7. New Evidence for a Romano-British Greyware Pottery Industry in the Trent Valley
   F N Field and C P H Palmer-Brown
    
8. Survey of the Roman Fort and Multi-Period Settlement Complex at Kirmington on the Lincolnshire Wolds: A Non-Destructive Approach
   Dilwyn Jones & J B Whitwell
   
   
9. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1990
   Naomi Field
   

No. 25 - 1990

1. Bronze Age Cemeteries and Flint Industries from Salmonby
   P Phillips, F N Field and G V Taylor
   
   
2. The Church of Holy Trinity, Hagworthingham: Dating the Construction of the Bell-Tower Frame
   D W Pearson
   
   
3. The Archaeology of the Reformation in Lincoln
   David A Stocker
   
   
4. Communal Piety in Sixteenth-Century Boston
   Claire Cross
   
   
5. Grantham Apothecaries: Further Notes
   John B Manterfield
   
   
6. To the Glory of God? The Building of Binbrook St Mary & St Gabriel
   Charles Rawding
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes: 1988-90
   (a) Saxilby: Fossdyke Bridge
   (b) East Torrington: Ivy House Farm
   (c) Fiskerton: Sluice
   (d) Boston: Maud Foster Windmill
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1989-90
   Naomi Field
   

No. 24 - 1989

1. Butterwick and the Poll Taxes of 1377 and 1380
   Graham Platts
   
   
2. Local Studies of the English Apothecary: Part 1: The Changing Role of the English Apothecary: Part 2: Lincolnshire Apothecaries' Tokens and their Issuers
   J G L Burnby and T D Whittet
   
   
3. The Peacocks of North-West Lincolnshire: Collectors and Recorders of Lincolnshire Dialect from c1850 to 1920
   Eileen Elder
   
   
4. A Kirkstead Abbey Valuation of 1537
   Dorothy M Owen
   
   
5. Some Huttoft Church Carvings
   Betty Kirkham
   
   
6. Sir Joseph Banks and the Tealby Hoard
   Christopher Sturman
   
   
7. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside
   Naomi Field
   

No. 23 - 1988

1. Aerial Reconnaissance and Prehistoric and Romano-British Archaeology in Northern Lincolnshire: A Sample Survey
   Dilwyn Jones
   
   
2. A Recently Discovered Romanesque Gravecover from Lincoln and its Local Affiliations
   David A Stocker
   
   
3. Grist to the Mill: A New Approach to the Early History of Sleaford
   Simon Pawley
   
   
4. Walter Dragun's Town? Lord and Burghal Commujity in Thirteenth Century Stamford
   David Roffe
   
   
5. Light on Horncastle in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
   J N Clarke
   
   
6. The Flinders Family of Donington: Medical Practice and Family Life in an Eighteenth-Century Fenland Town
   J H L Burnby
   
   
7. A 'Directory' of  Lincolnshire Medical Men in the Late Eighteenth Century
   Dennis R Mills
   
   
8. Andrew Burnaby in Louth
   Christopher Sturman
   
   
9. Helen, Margaret and Andrew: Some Patterns of Church Dedication
   A E B Owen
   
   
10. An Early Boston Charter
    Dorothy M Owen
    
    
11. Some Unpublished Verse of Charles Tennyson Turner
    Roger Evans
    
    
12. Industrial Archaeology Notes
    (a) Lincoln: Ruston & Hornsby Shale Planer
    (b) Boston: Tuxford Ironworks at Black Sluice
    (c) Barnetby: Re-Use of Stone Sleepers
    

No. 22 - 1987

1. The Office of Reader in the Diocese of Lincoln in the Late Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries
   Reg Arundale
   
   
2. Tennyson Studies: The Local Historian's Role
   Christopher Sturman
   
   
3. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834-1865: A Case Study of Caistor Poor Law Union
   Charles Rawding
   
   
4. A Lincolnshire Guide to the Nineteenth-Century Censuses
   Dennis R Mills
   
   
5. Archaeology in Lincolnshire & South Humberside, 1987
   Tony Page
   

No. 21 - 1986

1. Stamford and the Norman Conquest
   David Roffe & Christine Mahany
   
   
2. Lady Margaret Beaufort, the Royal Council and an Early Fenland Drainage Scheme
   Michael K Jones
   
   
3. Chicory and Woad: a Comment
   A Harris
   
   
4. Mills on the Rase
   Jon Sass
   
   
5. The Seventh-Century Monastery of Stow Green, Lincolnshire
   David Roffe
   
   
6. The Beginnings of Newstead-by-Stamford Priory
   M J Franklin
   
   
7. St Laewrence Church, Burnham, South Humberside: The Excavation of a Parochial Chapel
   Glyn Coppack
   
   
8. Mablethorpe St Peter's and the Sea
   A E B Owen
   
   
9. Who Were the Skegness Pioneers? A Study of the People Who Settled in the New Town of Skegness, 1871-1881
   Julie E Hewson
   
   
10. Industrial Archaeology Notes
    (a) Baumber: Brick Kiln
    (b) Grimsby: Fishing Industry
    (c) Louth: Navigation
    
    
11. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1985
    Tony Page and Naomi Field
    

No. 20 - 1985

1. Archaeology in Lincolnshire: Looking Back Over 60 Years
   F T Baker
   
   
2. Excavations to the South of Lincoln Minster, 1984 and 1985
   D A Stocker
   
   
3. Unmarried Mothers and the Poor Law in Lincolnshire, 1800-1850
   J A Perkins
   
   
4. Five Bronze Age Round Barrows at Ponton Heath, Stroxton, Lincolnshire
   Ernest Greenfield
   
   
5. The Decline and Demise of Sempringham Village
   Graham Platts
   
   
6. Religious Life in Kesteven: A Return of the Number of Places of Worship not of the Church of England, 1829
   Rod Ambler
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   (a) Lincoln: St Marks Railway Station
   (b) Lincoln: Ruston Proctor Boiler Works, Firth Road
   (c) Louth: Maltings, Northgate
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1984
   A B Page
   

No. 19 - 1984

1. Excavations on the site of the Mowbray Manor House at the Vinegarth, Epworth, Lincolnshire, 1975-76
   Colin Hayfield
   
   
2. Medieval Fisheries in the Witham and its Tributaries
   A J White
   
   
3. The Pipe Roll Society and the Lincoln Record Society: an Association of Mutual Benefit
   Patricia M Barnes
   
   
4. Three Eighteenth-Century Lincoln Libraries
   Elizabeth Anne Melrose
   
   
5. Sir Philip d'Arcy and the Financial Plight of the Military Knight in 13th Century England
   Peter Michel
   
   
6. John Thorpe's Drawings for Thornton College, the House of Sir Vincent Skinner
   David L Roberts
   
   
7. The Engineering Works of John Grundy (1719-1783)
   A W Skempton
   
   
8. Commissioners of Sewers for Lincolnshire, 1509-1649: an Annotated List
   Mark E Kennedy
   
   
9. Walker, Matthews and the Sufferings of the Lincolnshire Clergy
   John E Swaby
   
   
10. The Revd John Skinner's Tour of Lincolnshire, 1825
    A J White
    
    
11. Industrial Archaeology Notes
    (a) Lincoln: St Marks Station: Stone Railway Sleepers
    (b) Lincoln: Brayford Wharf Maltings
    (c) Claxby: Woad Mill
    
    
12. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1983
    A B Page
    

No. 18 - 1983

1. Seventeeth-Century Agricultural Practice in Six Lincolnshire Parishes
   J A Johnston
   
   
2. Crime in the Sleaford Division of Kesteven, 1830-1838
   Margaret Clarke
   
   
3. Allotments in 19th Century Lincolnshire
   J A Perkins
   
   
4. Small Farms and Allotments as a Cure for Rural Depopulation on the Lincolnshire Fenland, 1870-1914
   S R Haresign
   
   
5. Artefacts from a Prehistoric Cemetery and Settlement in Anwick Fen, Lincolnshire
   Peter Chowne & Frances Healy
   
   
6. Roman Horncastle
   Naomi Field & Henry Hurst
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   (a) Scopwick: Kirkby Green Watermills
   (b) Lincoln: Stamp End Iron Works (Clayton & Shuttleworth)
   
   
8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1982
   A White
   

No. 17 - 1982

1. Obituary: Peter Binnall
   
   
2. Obituary: Ken Wood
   
   
3. Forest Clearance and the Barrow Builders at the Butterbump, Lincolnshire
   J R A Greig
   
   
4. Suffragan Bishops in the Medieval Diocese of Lincoln
   David M Smith
   
   
5. St Peter's Church, Holton le Clay, Lincolnshire
   John Sills
   
   
6. Household Divinity and Covenant Theology in Lincolnshire, c1595-c1640
   Helena Hajzyk
   
   
7. The Market Rasen Canal, 1801-1980
   R Acton
   
   
8. A Survey of Domestic Service
   J A S Green
   
   
9. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   (a) Deeping St Nicholas: Counter Drain Railway Bridge
   (b) New Holland: Pier
   (c) Branston: Barn (drawing)
   (d) Waddingham: Brandy Wharf Bridge (drawing)
   
   
10. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1981
    A J White
    

No. 16 - 1981

1. The Excavations of a Prehistoric Saltern at Hogsthorpe, Lincolnshire
   Betty Kirkham
   
   
2. A Lincolnshire Coroner's Roll
   C M Woolgar
   
   
3. The Moated Site, Churches and Hedgerow Study at Wragby, 1979f
   A J White
   
   
4. Notes on a Neglected Source: A Register of Royal Writs in Lincoln Diocesan Archives
   A K McHardy
   
   
5. Stalllingborough: Earthwork Survey
   Paul Everson
   
   
6. Prayer, Property and Provocation: The Religious in Medieval Lincolnshire
   Sandra Raban
   
   
7. Sir Joseph Banks: The Cryptic Georgian
   H B Carter
   
   
8. Industrial Archaeology Notes

    (a) Bourne: Baldock's Watermill
    (b) Branston: Barn, Corn Mill and Gasworks
    (c) Waddingham: Brandy Wharf Bridge 

No. 15 - 1980

1. Roman Coin Hoards from Lincolnshire
   R W Higginbottom
   
   
2. Thomas 'Governor' Pownall and the Roman Villa at Glentworth, Lincolnshire
   Paul Everson
   
   
3. Herefrith of Louth, Saint and Bishop: A Problem of Identities
   A E B Owen
   
   
4. The Work of the Heckington Lodge of Masons, 1315-1345
   W D Wilson
   
   
5. A Fifteenth-Century Headmaster's Library
   Charles Garton
   
   
6. A Charity School Movement? The Lincolnshire Evidence
   D H Webster
   
   
7. Navigations and the Mid-Lincolnshire Economy, 1790-1830
   R Acton
   
   
8. Industrial Archaeology Notes
   

    (a) Grantham: Dysart Road Railway Bridge
    (b) Grimsby: Dock Towers and Hydraulic Installations
    (c) Lincoln: Motherby Hill Street Furniture
    (d) Messingham: Mill

No. 14 - 1979

1. Excavations of Late Bronze Age or Iron Age Date at Washingborough Fen
   J M Coles, B J Orme, J May and C N Moore
   
   
2. The Excavations of Two Romano-British Pottery Kilns at Barnetby Top, South Humberside
   John Samuels
   
   
3. Robert Mannyng of Bourne's 'Handlyng Synne' and South Lincolnshire Society
   Graham Platts
   
   
4. The Family and Kin of the Lincolnshire Labourer in the Eighteenth Century
   J A Johnston
   
   
5. The Conversion to Roman Cartholicism of Bernard Smith of Leadenham, 1842
   R Ambler
   
   
6. Hussey Tower, Boston: A Late Medieval Tower-House of Brick
   Terence Paul Smith
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes, 1978
   compiled by Malcolm Knapp
   Claypole : Former Flax Mill
   
   
8. Notes and Documents
   (a) The Grimsby Lay Subsidy Roll of 1297 - S H Rigby
   (b) Cropmark Evidence and the Reclamation of Blyton and Laughton Commons - Paul Everson
   
   
9. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1978
   compiled by Andrew White
   

No. 13 - 1978

1. Risby Warren, An Occupation Site from the Mesolithic to the Early Bronze Age
   D N Riley
   
   
2. Billingborough Bronze Age Settlement: An Interim Note
   Peter Chowne
   
   
3. Excavations at the Church of SS Peter and Paul, Healing, South Humberside
   Hal Bishop
   
   
4. Some Little-Known Ladies of Lincolnshire, 1603-1640
   Helena Hajzyk
   
   
5. Boston's Early Stuart Elections. 1604-1640
   John K Gruenfelder
   
   
6. The 'Roman Bridge' at Scawby
   M J T Lewis and J R Samuels
   
   
7. From Canon Foster to the Lincolnshire Archives Office
   Sir Francis Hill
   
   
8. Industrial Archaeology Notes, 1977
   Compiled by Catherine M Wilson
   
   (a) Aubourn: Watermill
   (b) Barton on Humber: Humber Mill (windmill)
   (c) East Lincolnshire Railway: Crossing Keepers' Cottages
   (d) Grantham: Belton Lane Road Bridge
   (e) Grantham: St Catherine's Road Bridge
   (f) Long Sutton: Sneath's Mill (windmill)
   (g) Tattershall: Bridge over the Witham
   (h) Brigg: Sergeant's Brewery
   
   
9. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humbersdide, 1977
   compiled by Andrew White
   
   
10. Notes and Documents
    A Second Jewish Scola in Lincoln
    C P C Johnson
    

No. 12 - 1977

1. A Romano-British Pottery Kiln at Claxby, Lincolnshire : Excavation, Discussion and Experimental Firings
   Geoffrey F Bryant
   
   
2. Alexander's Frieze on Lincoln Minster
   E C Fernie
   
   
3. Cherry Lane, Barrow-on-Humber, South Humberside
   John Samuels
   
   
4. Some Economic Dealings of Prior John the Almoner of Spalding, 1253-74
   E D Jones
   
   
5. The Oddfellows Hall, Grimsby, and its Place in the Social Life of the Town
   T H Storey
   
   
6. The Parish and the Housing of the Working Class in Lindsey, 1790-1850
   J A Perkins
   
   
7. Industrial Archaeology Notes. 1976
   compiled by Catherine M Wilson
   

        (a) Algarkirk: Woad Mill
        (b) Barton on Humber: Clapson's Boatyard
        (c) Boston: Lincoln's Warehouse
        (d) Elkesley: Water Pumping Station
        (e) Grantham: Bjorlow Leather Works
        (f) Grantham: Coles Cranes Factory
        (g) Grimsby: Hewitt's Maltings
        (h) Horncastle: Old Theatre
        (i) Lincoln: Fison's Factory
        (j) Lincoln: Stamp End Lock Footbridge
        (k) Roxby: Horse Gin

        (l) Waddington: Lincoln Brick Company

   8. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1976
       compiled by A J White

   9. Book Notes and Reviews, 1976

No. 11 - 1976

1. Sapperton: An Interim Report
   B B Simmons
   
   
2. The Agrarian Problem in Sixteenth-Century Lincolnshire: Two Cases from the Court of Star Chamber
   R W Ambler and Martin Watkinson
   
   
3. Anti-Militia Riots in Lincolnshire, 1757 and 1796
   David Neave
   
   
4. Phillips Glover and the Duchess of Kingston's French Estates
   C P C Johnson
   
   
5. Speculative Builders and the Development of Cleethorpes, 1850-1900
   P J Aspinall
   
   
6. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1975
   A J White
   
   
7. Book Notes and Reviews
   The Class Struggle in Normanby-by-Spital, 1830-1900
   R J Olney
   

No. 10 - 1975

1. The Brigg Raft Re-excavated
    Sean McGrail

2. Medieval Chapels in Lincolnshire
    Dorothy Owen

3. The Sleaford Navigation Office
    W M Hunt

4. Ayscoughee Hall: the Building of a Great Merchant's House
    David L Roberts

5. Working-Class Housing in Lindsey: 1780-1870
    J A Perkins

6. Archaeology in Lincolnshire 1974

    C N Moore

7. Book Notes and Reviews

No. 9 - 1974

1. A Late-Medieval Domestic Rubbish Deposit from Broughton, Lincolnshire
   Stephen Moorhouse
   
   
2. Aspects of Inter-Regional Land Use and Agriculture in Lincolnshire, 1600-1850
   B A Holderness
   
   
3. The Claytons of Grimsby: Local Trade and Politics in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
   Gordon Jackson
   
   
4. Archaeological Notes, 1973
   John Marjoram
   

No. 8 - 1973

1. The Early Ecclesiastical Career of John Buckingham
   A K McHardy
   
   
2. John Thorpe's Designs for Dowsby Hall and the Red Hall, Bourne
   David L Roberts
   
   
3. A Neolithic Site at Normanby Park
   D N Riley
   
   
4. An Anglo-Saxon Site at Salmonby
   Paul Everson
   
   
5. The Excavation of a Roman and Medieval Site at Flaxengate, Lincoln
   Glyn Coppack
   
   
6. Two Eighteenth-Century Pit-Groups from Lincoln
   Glyn Coppack
   
   
7. Archaeological Notes, 1972
   John Marjoram
   

No. 7 - 1972

1. Finds from Excavations in the Refectory at the Dominican Friary, Boston
   Stephen Moorhouse
   
   
2. Fifty Years of Local History
   Professor G R Potter
   
   
3. The Creation of Skegness as a Resort Town by the 9th Earl of Scarbrough
   Richard Gurnham
   
   
4. Rural Tradesmen, 1650-1850: Regional Study in Lindsey
   B A Holderness
   

No. 6 - 1971

1. Excavations at the Bishop's Palace at Nettleham. 1969
   Vivien Russell and Stephen Moorhouse
   
   
2. The Roman Villa at Denton, Lincolnshire (Part II)
   Ernest Greenfield
   
   
3. Parliamentary Electors in Lincolnshire in the Fifteenth Century (continued)
   Alan Rogers
   
   
4. Lincolnshire Politics in the Reign of Queen Anne, 1702-1714
   A Weston
   
   
5. The Short Term Effects of the G.N.R. on the Economy of South-West Kesteven 1850-1852
   M J Dickenson
   
   
6. A Scallop-Shell Ampula from Caistor and Comparable Pilgrim Souvenirs
   B W Spencer
   
   
7. Biographical and Bibliographical Notes on the Revd E A Woodruffe-Peacock, 1858-1922
   Mark Seaward
   
   
8. Archaeological Notes, 1970
   Catherine M Wilson
   
   
   

No. 5 - 1970

1. The Excavation of a 19th Century Clay Tobacco Pipe Kiln at Boston, Lincolnshire
   P K Wells
    
   
2. Religion in a Working Men's Parish, 1845-1893
   Ian Beckwith
    
   
3. The Battle of Epworth, 3rd June 1852
   R J Olney
    
   
4. Parliamentary Electors in LIncolnshire in the Fifteenth Century (continued)
   Alan Rogers
    
   
5. Lincolnshire Politics in the reign of Queen Anne 1702-1714
   A Weston
    
   
6. Archaeological Notes, 1969, Part I
   C M Wilson
   
   
7. Archaeological Notes, 1969, Part II (Short Notes)
   C M Wilson
   
   
8. Notes & Documents
   A Ninteenth-Century Village Annalist: Thomas Ogden of Ruskington (extracts from his notebook, 1837-1855)
   
   
9. Book Notes
   

No. 4 - 1969

1. Kesteven Headstones and their Engravers
   David Neave and Vanessa Heron
    
2. John Lyly and Lincolnshire
   Anne Lancashire
    
3. The Cecil Family and the Development of Nineteenth Cntury Stamford
   Stuart Elliott
    
4. Parliamentary Electors in Lincolnshire in the Fifteenth Century (continued)
   Alan Rogers
    
5. Excavations at Somerby, Lincolnshire, 1957
   Dennis C Mynard
    
6. The Deserted Medieval Village of Snarford, Lincolnshire
   Stanley E West
   
   
7. Archaeological Notes 1968
   J B Whitwell & C M Wilson
   
   
8. Notes & Documents
   * Advice to Lord Willoughby, c.1601 (letter from John Guevara)
   * How to Choose Good Soldiers (from the commonplace book of the Heneages of Hainton, mid-17th century)
   * Cleethorpes 1886-1888 (notes by the Revd Herbert Randolph)
   
   
9. Book Notes
   

 

No. 3 - 1968

1. F C Massingberd: Historian in a Lincolnshire Parish
   W J Baker
    
2. The Role of the Open Field in the Development of Nineteenth Century Stamford
   Stuart Elliott
    
3. Parliamentary Electors in LIncolnshire in the Fifteenth Century
   Alan Rogers
   
   
4. Archaeological Notes 1967
   J B Whitwell and C M Wilson
   

No. 2 - 1967

1. The River Trade of Gainsborough 1500-1850
   I S Beckwith
    
2. Letters of Edward Steere
   David Neave
   
   
3. Craftsmen of Croft
   Eva Farmery
    
4. A Possible Vineyard of the Tomano-British Period at North Thoresby
   D & H Webster and D F Petch
    
5. Lincoln Cathedral MS. 182
   T A M Bishop
   
   
6. Archaeological Notes 1966
   J B Whitwell
   
   
7. Book Notes
   

No. 1 - 1966

1. Hugh Bardolf the Justice and his Family
   Sir Charles Clay
    
2. Roman Stamped Tiles from Lincoln
   Malcolm Todd
    
3. Post-Medieval French Imports and Copies at Lincoln
   J G Hurst
    
4. Early Days of a Society
   Sir Francis Hill
    
5. The Lincolnshire County Court in the Fifteenth Century
   Alan Rogers
   
   
6. Archaeological Notes, 1964 & 1965
   J B Whitwell
   
   
7. Book Notes